< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kringaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”). Related to Lithuanian gręžti (“to bore, drill”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈkriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kringaną[1][2]

  1. (West Germanic) to turn, fall, yield

Inflection
Conjugation of *kringaną (strong class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *kringō*kringaų—*kringai ?
2nd singular *kringizi*kringaiz*kring*kringazai*kringaizau
3rd singular *kringidi*kringai*kringadau*kringadai*kringaidau
1st dual *kringōz*kringaiw———
2nd dual *kringadiz*kringaidiz*kringadiz——
1st plural *kringamaz*kringaim—*kringandai*kringaindau
2nd plural *kringid*kringaid*kringid*kringandai*kringaindau
3rd plural *kringandi*kringain*kringandau*kringandai*kringaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *krang*krungį̄
2nd singular *kranht*krungīz
3rd singular *krang*krungī
1st dual *krungū*krungīw
2nd dual *krungudiz*krungīdiz
1st plural *krungum*krungīm
2nd plural *krungud*krungīd
3rd plural *krungun*krungīn
present past
participles *kringandz*krunganaz

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Old English: cringan, crincan (< *krinkaną)
  • Old Dutch: *kringan

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kringan- ~ *krinkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305
  2. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*krenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 221
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