< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grindaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrendʰ- (“to crush; gnash”). Cognate with Latin frendō (“to grind; gnash”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɣrin.dɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*grindaną[1][2]

  1. to grind

Inflection
Conjugation of *grindaną (strong class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *grindō*grindaų—*grindai ?
2nd singular *grindizi*grindaiz*grind*grindazai*grindaizau
3rd singular *grindidi*grindai*grindadau*grindadai*grindaidau
1st dual *grindōz*grindaiw———
2nd dual *grindadiz*grindaidiz*grindadiz——
1st plural *grindamaz*grindaim—*grindandai*grindaindau
2nd plural *grindid*grindaid*grindid*grindandai*grindaindau
3rd plural *grindandi*grindain*grindandau*grindandai*grindaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *grand*grundį̄
2nd singular *granst*grundīz
3rd singular *grand*grundī
1st dual *grundū*grundīw
2nd dual *grundudiz*grundīdiz
1st plural *grundum*grundīm
2nd plural *grundud*grundīd
3rd plural *grundun*grundīn
present past
participles *grindandz*grundanaz
  • *grandą
  • *grandô
  • *grindą
  • *grindaz
  • *grindstiz

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *grindan
    • Old English: grindan
      • Middle English: grynden, grinden, grenden
        • English: grind
        • Scots: grynde, grynd, grind
        • Yola: grieend, griende
    • Old Frisian: *grinda
      • Saterland Frisian: gríende, griene
    • Old Saxon: *grindan
    • Old Dutch: *grindan

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grindan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
  2. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒrenđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 141
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