Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/after

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From the locative form of Pre-Germanic *h₂ep(o)teros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“away, off, from”) + *-teros.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑɸ.ter/

Adverb

*after[1]

after, behind

Preposition

*after[1]

after, behind [+dative]

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *aftar, *after
- Old English: æfter
  - Middle English: æfter, efter, after
    - Scots: efter
    - English: after
- Old Frisian: efter, after
  - North Frisian: efter
  - Saterland Frisian: ätter
  - West Frisian: efter; after, achter
- Old Saxon: aftar, after
  - Middle Low German: after, achter, echter
    - Low German: achter, aster
    - German Low German: achter; ächter (Münsterländisch & Paderbornisch)
- Old Dutch: after, aftir
  - Middle Dutch: after, affter, achter, echter
    - Dutch: achter; after (dialectal)
- Old High German: after, aftar; ahter (northern)
  - Middle High German: after; *ahter, *achter
    - German: after; After
    - Luxembourgish: uechter (“throughout”)
Proto-Norse: ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after), ᛡᚠᚨᛏᛉ (ᴀfatʀ /⁠afᵃtr⁠/)
- Old Norse: eptir, ept, at; ᛁᚠᛏᛁᛦ (iftiʀ), ᛁᚠᛏᛁᚱ (iftir), ᛁᛒᛏᛁᛦ (ibtiʀ), ᛅᚠᛏᛁᛦ (aftiʀ), ᚬᚠᛏᛁᛦ (ąftiʀ), ᛅᛒᛏᛁᛦ (abtiʀ)
  - Icelandic: eftir
  - Faroese: eftir
  - Norn: efter
  - Middle Norwegian: ettir
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: etter
      - → Norwegian Bokmål: etter
  - Old Jamtish: efti
    - Jamtish: ette
  - Elfdalian: etter
  - Old Swedish: æptir, æftir, ættir
    - Swedish: efter
  - Old Danish: æftær, æftir
    - Danish: efter
      - Norwegian Bokmål: efter (unofficial, riksmål)
    - Scanian: ætte
  - Old Gutnish: eptir, aktr, ebtir, efter, eftir, epter
    - Gutnish: etta, ettar, yttur (fårö)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*after(i)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 3

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[EDPG-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*after(i)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 3