-KAAD

See also: kaad, -kaad, -kąąd, and -KʼĄĄD

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *qa̓tʼ (“to spread out, fall scattered, collapse, slap, clap”).

Found in Navajo in a wide range of themes related to the moving or spreading of "flatness", including classificatory root for the moving / falling or propelling of objects of the PlO2 (profusion) or OC (open container) classes, the herding of sheep over a surface, or the slapping of hands.

Root

-KAAD

 1. PlO2 (as seeds) or OC (as a bucket and its content) falls, spills, scatters

Theme Category Bases Transitive bases (O + ł)
∅ motion

PlO2 / OC falls

  • yikaad (∅-MOM)
  • iikaad
  • dikaad
  • haakaad
  • naakaad
  • nʼdiikaad (nʼdii-, “breaks loose”)
  • — (ni-MOM)
  • chʼékaad
  • —
  • — (CONT)
  • — (PROG)

S tosses PlO2 / OC

  • yiłkaad (∅-MOM)
  • iiłkaad
  • —
  • haiłkaad
  • neiłkaad
  • —
  • yíłkaad (ni-MOM)
  • chʼííłkaad
  • niyíłkaad
  • — (CONT)
  • — (PROG)

 2. to herd sheep, to drive sheep

Theme Category Bases Unspecified (+ʼa)
O + ni + ł motion

S herds O (sheep)

  • niłkaad (∅-MOM)
  • iiniłkaad
  • yidíníłkaad
  • yidíníiłkaad
  • hainiłkaad
  • ńdíʼníiłkaad (ńdii-, “start”)
  • táidíníłkaad
  • nineekaad (ni-MOM)
  • chʼíneekaad
  • niineekaad
  • neiniłkaad (CONT)
  • yinoołkał (PROG)

 3. to slap, to clap hands

Theme Category Bases Transitive bases (O + ł)
dzi/O + ∅ successive

S slaps, beats (O)

Motion (with dzi-) :

  • adzikaad (MOM)
  • ahaniyídzíkaad
  • dzidikaad
  • naaʼyídzíkaad
  • yááyídziikaad

Successive (with O):

  • néidiikaad (ńdii-, semelf.)
  • yííníikaad (yíníi--, semelf.)
  • yókaad (yíní-, rep.)
↳ ahókaad
  • yikaad (REP)
  • néiniłkaad
  • ahékad
  • ahíiłkad (SEM)

 4. flatness moves (other minor themes)

Theme Category Bases Transitive bases (O + ł)
ni + ∅ motion

S collapses or sways

  • anikaad (MOM)
  • naaʼanikaad
  • nanikaad (CONT)
  • nookał (PROG)

S topples O

  • iiniłkaad (MOM)
  • naaʼiiniłkaad
∅ successive

S plays cards, gambles
∅

S becomes chipped

  • békaad (MOM)
  • hakaad (REP)

S chips O

  • yéłkaad (MOM)
di + ∅ adjectival S is flat, thin
∅ positional

S lies, spreads (as shrubs)

S keeps O in position

  • yiskaad
hi / di
+ yíní + ∅		 positional

S hangs, extends (as blanket, layer)

  • dékaad
  • nahííkaad
  • (yikał) (PROG)

Stem set
Aspect IMP PERF FUT ITER OPT
MOM -kaad -kaad -kał -kaʼ -kaad
CONT -kaad -kaad -kał -kaʼ -kaad
REP -kaʼ -kaad -kał -kaʼ -kaʼ
REP -kad -kaad -kał -kaʼ -kad
SEM / CONCL -kad -kad -kał -kaʼ -kad
NEUT -kad -kaad - - -

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

PlO2 verbs:

  • -JAAʼ
  • -DEEʼ

OC verbs:

FFO verbs:

  • -TSOOZ (handle FFO)
  • -ʼAH (propel FFO)
  • -NAʼ (FFO moves)
  • -BAAL (FFO hangs)
  • -TIʼ (spread a FFO)
 

to sway:

to collapse:

to hit, to beat:

  • -GHAAL (club)
  • -GOʼ
  • -TSEED (hammer)
  • -TSʼIN (fist)
  • -TSXAS (lash)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root -KAAD (flat moves)

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