琥珀

Chinese

	phonetic
trad. (琥珀)	琥	珀
simp. ^#(琥珀)	琥	珀
alternative forms	虎魄虎珀琥魄

Etymology

Probably borrowed from a language in Central Asia during the Han Dynasty; compare Middle Persian khlpʾd (kah-rubāy, “amber”).

The Book of Han:

出封牛、水牛、象、大狗、沐猴、孔爵、珠璣、珊瑚、虎魄、璧流離。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

出封牛、水牛、象、大狗、沐猴、孔爵、珠玑、珊瑚、虎魄、璧流离。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

Chū fēngniú, shuǐniú, xiàng, dàgǒu, mùhóu, kǒngjué, zhūjī, shānhú, hǔpò, bìliúlí. [Pinyin]

(The country of Jibin in the Western Regions) produces bison, buffalo, elephants, big dogs (kuchis?), macaques, peacocks, jewels, corals, ambers and cat's eyes.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hǔpò

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨˇ ㄆㄛˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² paak³
Gan (Wiktionary): 'fu³ pet⁶
Eastern Min (BUC): hū-páe̤k
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hó͘-phek / hó͘-phiak

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hǔpò
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨˇ ㄆㄛˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hǔpò
  - Wade–Giles: hu³-pʻo⁴
  - Yale: hǔ-pwò
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huupoh
  - Palladius: хупо (xupo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fu² paak³
  - Yale: fú paak
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu² paak⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu² pag³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ pʰaːk̚³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: 'fu³ pet⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˈfu²¹³⁻¹³ pʰɛt̚⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hū-páe̤k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu³³⁻⁵⁵ ^(pʰ-)βɔyʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hó͘-phek
  - Tâi-lô: hóo-phik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hofpheg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /hɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pʰiɪk̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pʰiɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hó͘-phiak
  - Tâi-lô: hóo-phiak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hofphiag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pʰiak̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: xuX phaek

Rime
Character	琥	珀
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	滂 (2)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	陌 (113)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	呼古切	普伯切
Baxter	xuX	phaek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/huo^X/	/pʰˠæk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/huo^X/	/pʰᵚak̚/
Shao Rongfen	/xo^X/	/pʰak̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɔ^X/	/pʰaɨjk̚/
Li Rong	/xo^X/	/pʰɐk̚/
Wang Li	/xu^X/	/pʰɐk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/xuo^X/	/pʰɐk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hǔ	po
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fu²	pak¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qʰlaːʔ pʰraːɡ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	琥	珀
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	5231	200
Phonetic component	虍	白
Rime group	魚	鐸
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	虎	拍
Old Chinese	/*qʰlaːʔ/	/*pʰraːɡ/

Noun

琥珀

amber

Derived terms

琥珀孫／琥珀孙
琥珀抱龍丸／琥珀抱龙丸 (hǔpò bàolóngwán)
琥珀拾芥
琥珀糖
琥珀色 (hǔpòsè)
琥珀詞／琥珀词
琥珀酸 (hǔpòsuān)
琥珀餳／琥珀饧

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (琥珀):

→ Japanese: 琥(こ)珀(はく) (kohaku)
→ Korean: 호박(琥珀) (hobak)
→ Vietnamese: hổ phách (琥珀)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
琥	珀
こ Jinmeiyō	はく Jinmeiyō
kan’on

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こはく [kòhákú] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ha̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

琥(こ)珀(はく) • (kohaku) ^{←こはく (kofaku)^?}

amber (fossil resin)

Derived terms

琥(こ)珀(はく)色(いろ) (kohakuiro)
琥(こ)珀(はく)織(お)り (kohakuori)
琥(こ)珀(はく)酸(さん) (kohakusan)
琥(こ)珀(はく)縞(じま) (kohakujima)
琥(こ)珀(はく)糖(とう) (kohakutō)

References

Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
琥	珀

Noun

琥珀 • (hobak) (hangeul 호박)

Hanja form^? of 호박 (“amber”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
琥	珀

Noun

琥珀

chữ Hán form of hổ phách (“amber”).

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[SMK7-1] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN