武士

Chinese
martial; military scholar; warrior; knight
simp. and trad.
(武士)		 武 士

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 武 士
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4) 崇 (20)
Final (韻) 虞 (24) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 文甫切 鉏里切
Baxter mjuX dzriX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /mɨoX/ /d͡ʒɨX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /mioX/ /ɖ͡ʐɨX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /mioX/ /d͡ʒieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /muə̆X/ /ɖ͡ʐɨX/
Li
Rong		 /mioX/ /d͡ʒiəX/
Wang
Li		 /mĭuX/ /d͡ʒĭəX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /mi̯uX/ /ɖ͡ʐʱiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 wǔ zhì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 mou5 zi6

Noun

武士

  1. warrior; fighter
  2. soldier
  3. (historical) member of a powerful military caste (in medieval Europe or Japan); samurai
  4. (historical) palace guard

Synonyms
  • (warrior):
  • (soldier):
  • (samurai): 日本武士

Derived terms

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
武 士
ぶ
Grade: 5		 し
Grade: 5
kan’on

From Old Japanese,[1] in turn from Middle Chinese 武士 (MC mjuX dzriX). Compare modern Min Nan pronunciation bú-sǐr. First cited to a portion of the 続日本紀 (Shoku Nihongi) dated to 721.[2][3]

Japanese philologist Shinobu Orikuchi postulated in the 1920s that bushi derived instead from 伏 (bushi), the rendaku (連濁) version of fushi, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of verb 伏す (fusu, “to bow down, to prostrate”), as found in terms such as 山伏 (yamabushi, “mountain hermit”) and 野伏 (nobushi, “hermit; brigand”). Orikuchi contended that this word arose some time during the Kamakura or Muromachi periods, and that the kanji spelling is ateji (当て字).[4] However, the term 武士 (bushi) with the kanji spelling is attested already in the Nara period, many centuries earlier. In addition, rendaku only applies to the latter element in compounds, so nominalized verb fushi would not appear as bushi on its own.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) ぶ​し [búꜜshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
  • IPA(key): [bɯ̟ᵝɕi]

Noun

武(ぶ)士(し) • (bushi) 

  1. (historical, strictly) a professional warrior, a soldier
    Synonyms: 武士 (mononofu), 兵 (tsuwamono), 武芸者 (bugeisha), 武人 (bujin), 武者 (musha)
  2. (modern, loosely) a samurai
    Synonym: (more strictly) 侍 (samurai)
Usage notes

In modern popular usage, the terms bushi and samurai are often used in both English and Japanese somewhat loosely to refer to any soldier or warrior during Japan's feudal age (prior to the Meiji period). In historical contexts, these terms may be used with more specific senses, wherein bushi refers to any professional warrior, and samurai refers more strictly to a hereditary social class. See also Samurai on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Derived terms
Derived terms
Proverbs
  • 武(ぶ)士(し)に二(に)言(ごん)なし (bushi ni nigon nashi)
  • 武(ぶ)士(し)は相(あい)身(み)互(たが)い (bushi wa aimitagai)
  • 花(はな)は桜(さくら)木(ぎ)人(ひと)は武(ぶ)士(し) (hana wa sakuragi hito wa bushi)

Proper noun

武(ぶ)士(し) • (Bushi) 

  1. a place name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
武 士
もののふ
Grade: 5 Grade: 5
jukujikun
Alternative spelling
物部 (uncommon)

/mo2no2no2pu/ → /mononopu/ → /mononofu/

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712.[5]

Regarded as a compound of 物 (mono, “thing”, likely in reference to weapons) +‎ の (no, possessive or genitive particle) +‎ ふ (fu, of uncertain meaning; likely related to the be in 物部 (mononobe)).[5]

The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) ものの​ふ [mònónóꜜfù] (Nakadaka – [3])[6]
  • IPA(key): [mo̞no̞no̞ɸɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

武士(もののふ) • (mononofu) 

  1. (historical) prior to the Ritsuryō system of the late 500s to late 700s, any of various groups directly serving the imperial family
  2. (historical, more generally) a professional warrior, a soldier
    Synonyms: 武士 (bushi), 兵 (tsuwamono), 武芸者 (bugeisha), 武人 (bujin), 武者 (musha)
Derived terms

See also
  • 物部(もののべ) (mononobe)

Etymology 3

Various nanori readings.

Proper noun
Kanji in this term
武 士
たけ
Grade: 5		 し
Grade: 5

武(たけ)士(し) • (Takeshi) 

  1. a place name
  2. a surname
  3. a male given name (Can we verify(+) this sense?)

武士(たけひと) • (Takehito) 

  1. a male given name (Can we verify(+) this sense?)

References
  1. “武士”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
  2. “武士”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  3. Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  4. Shinobu Orikuchi, Gorotsuki no Hanashi (ごろつきの話), 1928 in 折口信夫 全集, vol. 3, 1966:
    更に、此頃になって目立って来た、もう一つの浮浪者があった。諸方の豪族の家々の子弟のうち、総領の土地を貰ふことの出来なかったもの、乃至は、戦争に負けて土地を奪はれたものなどが、諸国に新しい土地を求めようとして、彷徨した。此が又、前の浮浪団体に混同した。道中の便宜を得る為に、彼等の群に投じたといふやうなことがあったのだ。後世の「武士」は、実は宛て字である。「ぶし」の語原はこれらの野ぶし・山ぶしにあるらしい。
  5. “物部・武士”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  6. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean
Hanja in this term
武士

Noun

武士 • (musa) (hangeul 무사)

  1. Hanja form? of 무사 (“warrior”).

Vietnamese
chữ Hán Nôm in this term
武士

Noun

武士

  1. chữ Hán form of võ sĩ (“combat sport contender; warrior; samurai”).

Derived terms
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