師走
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 師 | 走 |
| し Grade: 5 (ateji) |
は(す) > わ(す) Grade: 2 (ateji) |
| on’yomi | kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 十二月 |
/sipasu/ → /ɕifasu/ → /ɕiwasu/
Shift from shihasu, ancient sipasu (see below).
Noun
- (archaic) the twelfth month of the lunar calendar
- Synonyms: 限りの月 (kagiri no tsuki), 極まり月 (kiwamarizuki), 極月 (gokugetsu), 果ての月 (hate no tsuki), 臘月 (rōgetsu)
- c. 859-985, Kagura Uta, Kodai Kayōshū, page 337:
- (poetic) the month of preparation for the new year: December
Derived terms
- 師走油 (shiwasu abura)
- 師走狐 (shiwasu-gitsune)
Proverbs
- 師走坊主 (shiwasu bōzu)
- 師走浪人 (shiwasu rōnin)
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 師 | 走 |
| し Grade: 5 (ateji) |
は(す) Grade: 2 (ateji) |
| on’yomi | kun’yomi |
/sipasu/ → /ɕifasu/ → /ɕihasu/
From Old Japanese of unknown derivation. First appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[4]
Possible etymologies
- From 師 (shi, “Buddhist monk”) + 馳す (hasu, “to hurry, to make run”, modern 馳せる), as there were traditionally many services for monks to attend during this month. However Old Japanese verbs usually do not form nouns with their terminal form.[note 1][5][6] If this is a folk etymology, the kanji would be ateji, as it is generally regarded.
- はす (hasu) may be derived from 果つ (patu, “to come to an end”, modern 果てる), or a perhaps related root *pas- meaning "edge; division between two things", referring to the end of a year. Compare 橋 (hashi), 端 (hashi), 挟む (hasamu).[5][6] However all these sound changes remain unexplained.
References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- Tsuchihashi, Yutaka with Jin'ichi Konishi, Ichinosuke Takagi (1957) Kodai Kayōshū, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- “師走”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
- Entry in Gogen-Allguide (in Japanese)
- Footnotes
- The expected form would be *しはせ (sipase) or *しはし (sipasi), which are not attested. This explanation is already prevalent in the Heian period, appearing in the Iroha Jiruishō of the 1100s.
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