天主

Chinese

		day; sky; heaven	to own; to host; master to own; to host; master; lord; primary
simp. and trad. (天主)		天	主

Etymology

First attested in True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (《天主實錄》), completed by Italian Jesuit priest and missionary Michele Ruggieri in 1584 (Wang, 2012), as a semantic readaptation of Chinese 天主 (Tiānzhǔ, “heavenly emperor; heavenly God”).

Note 天主(てんしゅ) (Tenshu) is earliest attested in Japanese no later than 1581. The coinage of 天主 (Tiānzhǔ, “God”) in Chinese and Japanese around the same time may or may not be coincidental.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Tiānzhǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢㄓㄨˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tin¹ zyu²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hen¹ zi²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Thiên-chú

(Meixian, Guangdong): tiên¹ zu³
Eastern Min (BUC): Tiĕng-ciō
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Thian-chú / Thian-chí

(Teochew, Peng'im): tiêng¹ zu² / tiang¹ zu²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ¹thi-tsy

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Tiānzhǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢㄓㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Tianjhǔ
  - Wade–Giles: Tʻien¹-chu³
  - Yale: Tyān-jǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tianjuu
  - Palladius: Тяньчжу (Tjanʹčžu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tin¹ zyu²
  - Yale: tīn jyú
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tin¹ dzy²
  - Guangdong Romanization: tin¹ ju²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hen¹ zi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hen³³ t͡si⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Thiên-chú
  - Hakka Romanization System: tien´ zu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tian¹ zu³
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴ t͡su³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: tiên¹ zu³
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Tiĕng-ciō
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(t͡s-)ʒuo³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Thian-chú
  - Tâi-lô: Thian-tsú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tienzuo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ t͡su⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Thian-chí
  - Tâi-lô: Thian-tsí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tiencie
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tiêng¹ zu² / tiang¹ zu²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thieng tsú / thiang tsú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡su⁵²/, /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡su⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ¹thi-tsy
  - MiniDict: thi^平 tsy
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹thi-tsr
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

Proper noun

天主

(chiefly Catholicism) the Lord of Heaven; God
- 在起初天主創造了天地。 [MSC, trad.]
  在起初天主创造了天地。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 思高聖經 (Studium Biblicum Version), 創世紀 (Genesis) 1:1
  Zài qǐchū Tiānzhǔ chuàngzào le tiāndì. [Pinyin]
  In the beginning God created heaven, and earth.
- 又信惟一主——伊伊穌斯合鿠斯托斯——爲天主之獨一子。 [MSC, trad.]
  又信惟一主——伊伊稣斯合鿟斯托斯——为天主之独一子。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1863, 《東敎宗鑑》
  Yòu xìn wéiyī zhǔ — Yīyīsūsī Hélìsītuōsī — wèi Tiānzhǔ zhī dúyī zǐ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

Terms for God in different branches of Christianity

Branch	Words edit
Protestant	上帝, 神, 真神
Roman Catholic	天主, 僚氏 Hokkien, historical
Eastern Orthodox	上帝

Derived terms

天主堂 (tiānzhǔtáng)
天主子 (Tiānzhǔzǐ)
天主教 (Tiānzhǔjiào)
天主教徒 (Tiānzhǔjiàotú)
天主教會／天主教会 (Tiānzhǔ Jiàohuì)
天主羔羊 (Tiānzhǔ Gāoyáng)
天主聖三／天主圣三 (Tiānzhǔ Shèngsān)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (天主):

→ Japanese: 天主(てんしゅ) (tenshu)
→ Korean: 천주(天主) (cheonju)
→ Vietnamese: Thiên Chúa (天主)

Others:

→ Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡝᠵᡝᠨ (abkai ejen) (calque)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
天	主
てん Grade: 1	しゅ Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 天主 (then tsyu^X).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) てんしゅ [téꜜǹshù] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [tẽ̞ɰ̃ɕɨᵝ]

Proper noun

天(てん)主(しゅ) • (Tenshu)

(Christianity) the Lord of Heaven

Korean

Hanja in this term
天	主

Proper noun

天主 • (Cheonju) (hangeul 천주)

Hanja form^? of 천주 (“the Lord of Heaven; God”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
天	主

Proper noun

天主

chữ Hán form of Thiên Chúa (“God, the Lord of Heaven”).

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