外患

Chinese

		outside; in addition; foreign outside; in addition; foreign; external	misfortune; suffer (from illness); trouble misfortune; suffer (from illness); trouble; danger; worry; to contract (a disease)
trad. (外患)		外	患
simp. ^#(外患)		外	患
Literally: “external disaster”.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): wàihuàn

(Zhuyin): ㄨㄞˋ ㄏㄨㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngoi⁶ waan⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gōa-hoān

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: wàihuàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄨㄞˋ ㄏㄨㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: wàihuàn
  - Wade–Giles: wai⁴-huan⁴
  - Yale: wài-hwàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wayhuann
  - Palladius: вайхуань (vajxuanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /waɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯än⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngoi⁶ waan⁶
  - Yale: ngoih waahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi⁶ waan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngoi⁶ wan⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɔːi̯²² waːn²²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa-hoān
  - Tâi-lô: guā-huān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: goaxhoan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ huan²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡua⁴¹⁻²² huan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ huan²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɡua³³⁻¹¹ huan³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡua³³⁻²¹ huan³³/

Middle Chinese: ngwajH hwaenH

Rime
Character	外	患
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	泰 (26)	刪 (70)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	五會切	胡慣切
Baxter	ngwajH	hwaenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋuɑi^H/	/ɦˠuan^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷɑi^H/	/ɦʷᵚan^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋuɑi^H/	/ɣuɐn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋwaj^H/	/ɦwaɨn^H/
Li Rong	/ŋuɑi^H/	/ɣuan^H/
Wang Li	/ŋuɑi^H/	/ɣwan^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋuɑi^H/	/ɣwan^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wèi	huàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngoi⁶	waan⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s [ɡ]ˤro[n]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːds ɡroːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	外	患
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wài	huàn
Middle Chinese	‹ ngwaj^H ›	‹ hwæn^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/	/*[ɡ]ˁro[n]-s/
English	outside	calamity; distress
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	外	患
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12606	5364
Phonetic component	外	患
Rime group	祭	元
Rime subdivision	1	3
Corresponding MC rime	外	患
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷaːds/	/*ɡroːns/
Notes		本從串（毌）聲

Noun

外患

foreign aggression; aggression from abroad

Synonyms

外侮 (wàiwǔ)
外禍／外祸 (wàihuò)

Derived terms

內憂外患／内忧外患 (nèiyōuwàihuàn)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (外患):

→ Japanese: 外患(がいかん) (gaikan)
→ Korean: 외환(外患) (oehwan)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
外	患
がい Grade: 2	かん Grade: S
kan’on

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) がいかん [gàíkáń] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [ɡa̠ikã̠ɴ]

Noun

外(がい)患(かん) • (gaikan) ^{←ぐわいくわん (gwaikwan)^?}

external pressure; foreign threat
Antonyms: 内患 (naikan), 内憂 (naiyū)

Derived terms

外(がい)患(かん)罪(ざい) (gaikanzai)
内(ない)憂(ゆう)外(がい)患(かん) (naiyū gaikan)

References

Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
外	患

Noun

外患 • (oehwan) (hangeul 외환)

Hanja form^? of 외환.

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