hard; firm; strong hard; firm; strong; just; barely; exactly |
strength; force; power strength; force; power; powerful; better | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (剛強) | 剛 | 強 | |
| simp. (刚强) | 刚 | 强 | |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 剛 | 強 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古郎切 | 巨良切 |
| Baxter | kang | gjang |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/kɑŋ/ | /ɡɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/kɑŋ/ | /ɡiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/kɑŋ/ | /ɡiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/kaŋ/ | /gɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong |
/kɑŋ/ | /ɡiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li |
/kɑŋ/ | /ɡĭaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/kɑŋ/ | /gi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
gāng | qiáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
gong1 | koeng4 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 剛 | 強 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
gāng | qiáng |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ kang › | ‹ gjang › |
| Old Chinese |
/*kˁaŋ/ | /*N-kaŋ/ |
| English | strong; hard | strong |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 剛 | 強 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 3713 | 10318 |
| Phonetic component |
岡 | 强 |
| Rime group |
陽 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
岡 | 強 |
| Old Chinese |
/*klaːŋ/ | /*ɡaŋ/ |
| Notes | 彊省聲而非弘聲， 通借爲彊 | |