倥侗

Chinese

			ignorant; (ethnic group)
trad. (倥侗)		倥	侗
simp. ^#(倥侗)		倥	侗
alternative forms		空侗

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kōngtóng

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥㄊㄨㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hung¹ tung⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kōngtóng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥㄊㄨㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kongtóng
  - Wade–Giles: kʻung¹-tʻung²
  - Yale: kūng-túng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kongtorng
  - Palladius: кунтун (kuntun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hung¹ tung⁴
  - Yale: hūng tùhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hung¹ tung⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: hung¹ tung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹/

Middle Chinese: khuwng duwng

Rime
Character	倥	侗
Reading #	1/3	1/3
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	苦紅切	徒紅切
Baxter	khuwng	duwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuŋ/	/duŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuŋ/	/duŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuŋ/	/duŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəwŋ/	/dəwŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰuŋ/	/duŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰuŋ/	/duŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰuŋ/	/dʱuŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kōng	tóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung¹	tung⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kʰoːŋ doːŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	倥	侗
Reading #	1/3	3/3
No.	4042	12454
Phonetic component	工	同
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	空	同
Old Chinese	/*kʰoːŋ/	/*doːŋ/

Adjective

倥侗

(literary) ignorant
- 天降生民，倥侗顓蒙，恣乎情性，聰明不開。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  天降生民，倥侗颛蒙，恣乎情性，聪明不开。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE, translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version
  Tiān jiàng shēng mín, kōngtóng zhuānméng, zì hū qíngxìng, cōngmíng bù kāi. [Pinyin]
  When Tian gives birth to the masses, they are naive and ignorant. They give free reign to their desires and original natures, and their intelligence is undeveloped.

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