तरवारि

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
  • তৰৱাৰি (Assamese script)
  • ᬢᬭᬯᬵᬭᬶ (Balinese script)
  • তরবারি (Bengali script)
  • 𑰝𑰨𑰪𑰯𑰨𑰰 (Bhaiksuki script)
  • 𑀢𑀭𑀯𑀸𑀭𑀺 (Brahmi script)
  • တရဝါရိ (Burmese script)
  • તરવારિ (Gujarati script)
  • ਤਰਵਾਰਿ (Gurmukhi script)
  • 𑌤𑌰𑌵𑌾𑌰𑌿 (Grantha script)
  • ꦠꦫꦮꦴꦫꦶ (Javanese script)
  • 𑂞𑂩𑂫𑂰𑂩𑂱 (Kaithi script)
  • ತರವಾರಿ (Kannada script)
  • តរវារិ (Khmer script)
  • ຕຣວາຣິ (Lao script)
  • തരവാരി (Malayalam script)
  • ᢠᠠᡵᠠᠸᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᡵᡳ (Manchu script)
  • 𑘝𑘨𑘪𑘰𑘨𑘱 (Modi script)
  • ᢐᠠᠷᠠᠸᠠᢗᠷᠢ (Mongolian script)
  • 𑦽𑧈𑧊𑧑𑧈𑧒 (Nandinagari script)
  • 𑐟𑐬𑐰𑐵𑐬𑐶 (Newa script)
  • ତରଵାରି (Odia script)
  • ꢡꢬꢮꢵꢬꢶ (Saurashtra script)
  • 𑆠𑆫𑆮𑆳𑆫𑆴 (Sharada script)
  • 𑖝𑖨𑖪𑖯𑖨𑖰 (Siddham script)
  • තරවාරි (Sinhalese script)
  • 𑩫𑩼𑩾𑩛𑩼𑩑 (Soyombo script)
  • 𑚙𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚤𑚮 (Takri script)
  • தரவாரி (Tamil script)
  • తరవారి (Telugu script)
  • ตรวาริ (Thai script)
  • ཏ་ར་ཝཱ་རི (Tibetan script)
  • 𑒞𑒩𑒫𑒰𑒩𑒱 (Tirhuta script)
  • 𑨙𑨫𑨭𑨊𑨫𑨁 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

A Kulturwort of highly obscure origin.

The traditional theory considers the word as a rhotacized and betacized clipping of *तरबालिका (tarabālikā), a corruption of *करबालिका (karabālikā), a voiced variant of करपालिका (karapālikā, “knife, (small) sword”), a diminutive of करपाल (karapāla, “sword, cudgel”), a compound of कर (kara, “hand”) + पाल (pāla, “protector”), literally "hand-protector".

However, the wide range of lemmas in other languages which bear resemblance to the word, as well as its constituent syllables (*तर (tara) and *वारि (vāri)), casts doubt on the above derivation. For *तर (tara), compare Kurukh [script needed] (taṛṛī, “sword”), Ho [script needed] (torai, “id”), Pashto [script needed] (tūra, “id”), and Old Armenian թուր (tʻur, “id”); for *वारि (vāri), compare Tamil வாள் (vāḷ, “id”); and for the compound तरवारि (taravāri), compare Santali [script needed] (tarwaṛe, “id”), Prasuni [script needed] (trāž, “id”), and Kamkata-viri [script needed] (tərwōč, “id”). The -ṛ-, -ž-, and -č- sounds in the latter three lemmas, in particular, are difficult to reconcile with the simple -r- in the Sanskrit term, but would make more sense if borrowed from a Dravidian language.

As a solution, Mayrhofer proposes that the Sanskrit word is an "identity compound" of *तर (tara) and *वारि (vāri), both meaning "sword". *तर (tara) probably derives from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub; to pierce”), while *वारि (vāri) is borrowed from a Dravidian language (compare Proto-Dravidian *wāḷ (“sword”), whence the Tamil term வாள் (vāḷ, “id”) mentioned above). The Kurukh, Ho, and Pashto terms would then be borrowed from Indo-Aryan (perhaps at various chronological stages), with the full borrowings being phonetically influenced by the Dravidian term for sword.

He also takes करवाल (karavāla, “sword, scimitar”) and its relatives (including करवालिका (karavālikā, “id”), as well as possibly करपाल (karapāla, “id”) and करपालिका (karapālikā)), as partial loan translations of Tamil கைவாள் (kaivāḷ, “short sword”), with the similar-sounding and meaning कर (kara, “doer; hand”) substituting for the Dravidian கை (kai, “hand”). If करपाल (karapāla) is indeed related, then the "hand-protector" interpretation and phonetic shift is driven by folk etymology.

Pronunciation

Noun

तरवारि • (taravāri) stem, m

  1. sword, scimitar
    1. one-edged sword

Declension
Masculine i-stem declension of तरवारि (taravāri)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative तरवारिः
taravāriḥ		 तरवारी
taravārī		 तरवारयः
taravārayaḥ
Vocative तरवारे
taravāre		 तरवारी
taravārī		 तरवारयः
taravārayaḥ
Accusative तरवारिम्
taravārim		 तरवारी
taravārī		 तरवारीन्
taravārīn
Instrumental तरवारिणा / तरवार्या¹
taravāriṇā / taravāryā¹		 तरवारिभ्याम्
taravāribhyām		 तरवारिभिः
taravāribhiḥ
Dative तरवारये
taravāraye		 तरवारिभ्याम्
taravāribhyām		 तरवारिभ्यः
taravāribhyaḥ
Ablative तरवारेः / तरवार्यः¹
taravāreḥ / taravāryaḥ¹		 तरवारिभ्याम्
taravāribhyām		 तरवारिभ्यः
taravāribhyaḥ
Genitive तरवारेः / तरवार्यः¹
taravāreḥ / taravāryaḥ¹		 तरवार्योः
taravāryoḥ		 तरवारीणाम्
taravārīṇām
Locative तरवारौ / तरवारा¹
taravārau / taravārā¹		 तरवार्योः
taravāryoḥ		 तरवारिषु
taravāriṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Descendants

References
  • Monier Williams (1899) “तरवारि”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 438/3.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 237
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 482
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