شهر
Arabic
Etymology
From the root ش ه ر (š-h-r). Compare Aramaic סהרא and Old South Arabian 𐩦𐩠𐩧 (s²hr, “beginning of the lunar month”).
Pronunciation 1
Verb
شَهَرَ • (šahara) I, non-past يَشْهَرُ (yašharu)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
شَهَرَ
(form-I sound, verbal nouns شَهْر or شُهْرَة)verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر |
šahr or šuhra | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
šāhir | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
mašhūr | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šahartu |
šaharta |
šahara |
شَهَرْتُمَا šahartumā |
شَهَرَا šaharā |
šaharnā |
šahartum |
šaharū | |||
f | šaharti |
šaharat |
شَهَرَتَا šaharatā |
šahartunna |
šaharna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔašharu |
tašharu |
yašharu |
تَشْهَرَانِ tašharāni |
يَشْهَرَانِ yašharāni |
našharu |
tašharūna |
yašharūna | |||
f | tašharīna |
tašharu |
تَشْهَرَانِ tašharāni |
tašharna |
yašharna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔašhara |
tašhara |
yašhara |
تَشْهَرَا tašharā |
يَشْهَرَا yašharā |
našhara |
tašharū |
yašharū | |||
f | tašharī |
tašhara |
تَشْهَرَا tašharā |
tašharna |
yašharna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔašhar |
tašhar |
yašhar |
تَشْهَرَا tašharā |
يَشْهَرَا yašharā |
našhar |
tašharū |
yašharū | |||
f | tašharī |
tašhar |
تَشْهَرَا tašharā |
tašharna |
yašharna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | išhar |
اِشْهَرَا išharā |
išharū |
||||||||
f | išharī |
išharna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šuhirtu |
šuhirta |
šuhira |
شُهِرْتُمَا šuhirtumā |
شُهِرَا šuhirā |
šuhirnā |
šuhirtum |
šuhirū | |||
f | šuhirti |
šuhirat |
شُهِرَتَا šuhiratā |
šuhirtunna |
šuhirna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔušharu |
tušharu |
yušharu |
تُشْهَرَانِ tušharāni |
يُشْهَرَانِ yušharāni |
nušharu |
tušharūna |
yušharūna | |||
f | tušharīna |
tušharu |
تُشْهَرَانِ tušharāni |
tušharna |
yušharna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔušhara |
tušhara |
yušhara |
تُشْهَرَا tušharā |
يُشْهَرَا yušharā |
nušhara |
tušharū |
yušharū | |||
f | tušharī |
tušhara |
تُشْهَرَا tušharā |
tušharna |
yušharna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔušhar |
tušhar |
yušhar |
تُشْهَرَا tušharā |
يُشْهَرَا yušharā |
nušhar |
tušharū |
yušharū | |||
f | tušharī |
tušhar |
تُشْهَرَا tušharā |
tušharna |
yušharna |
Verb
شَهَّرَ • (šahhara) II, non-past يُشَهِّرُ (yušahhiru)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
شَهَّرَ
(form-II sound)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
tašhīr | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
مُشَهِّر mušahhir | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مُشَهَّر mušahhar | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šahhartu |
šahharta |
šahhara |
شَهَّرْتُمَا šahhartumā |
شَهَّرَا šahharā |
šahharnā |
šahhartum |
šahharū | |||
f | šahharti |
šahharat |
شَهَّرَتَا šahharatā |
šahhartunna |
šahharna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔušahhiru |
tušahhiru |
yušahhiru |
تُشَهِّرَانِ tušahhirāni |
يُشَهِّرَانِ yušahhirāni |
nušahhiru |
tušahhirūna |
yušahhirūna | |||
f | tušahhirīna |
tušahhiru |
تُشَهِّرَانِ tušahhirāni |
tušahhirna |
yušahhirna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔušahhira |
tušahhira |
yušahhira |
تُشَهِّرَا tušahhirā |
يُشَهِّرَا yušahhirā |
nušahhira |
tušahhirū |
yušahhirū | |||
f | tušahhirī |
tušahhira |
تُشَهِّرَا tušahhirā |
tušahhirna |
yušahhirna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔušahhir |
tušahhir |
yušahhir |
تُشَهِّرَا tušahhirā |
يُشَهِّرَا yušahhirā |
nušahhir |
tušahhirū |
yušahhirū | |||
f | tušahhirī |
tušahhir |
تُشَهِّرَا tušahhirā |
tušahhirna |
yušahhirna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | šahhir |
شَهِّرَا šahhirā |
šahhirū |
||||||||
f | šahhirī |
šahhirna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | šuhhirtu |
šuhhirta |
šuhhira |
شُهِّرْتُمَا šuhhirtumā |
شُهِّرَا šuhhirā |
šuhhirnā |
šuhhirtum |
šuhhirū | |||
f | šuhhirti |
šuhhirat |
شُهِّرَتَا šuhhiratā |
šuhhirtunna |
šuhhirna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔušahharu |
tušahharu |
yušahharu |
تُشَهَّرَانِ tušahharāni |
يُشَهَّرَانِ yušahharāni |
nušahharu |
tušahharūna |
yušahharūna | |||
f | tušahharīna |
tušahharu |
تُشَهَّرَانِ tušahharāni |
tušahharna |
yušahharna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔušahhara |
tušahhara |
yušahhara |
تُشَهَّرَا tušahharā |
يُشَهَّرَا yušahharā |
nušahhara |
tušahharū |
yušahharū | |||
f | tušahharī |
tušahhara |
تُشَهَّرَا tušahharā |
tušahharna |
yušahharna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔušahhar |
tušahhar |
yušahhar |
تُشَهَّرَا tušahharā |
يُشَهَّرَا yušahharā |
nušahhar |
tušahharū |
yušahharū | |||
f | tušahharī |
tušahhar |
تُشَهَّرَا tušahharā |
tušahharna |
yušahharna |
Pronunciation 2
- IPA(key): /ʃahr/
Declension
Declension of noun شَهْر (šahr)
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَهْر šahr |
الشَّهْر aš-šahr |
شَهْر šahr |
Nominative | شَهْرٌ šahrun |
الشَّهْرُ aš-šahru |
شَهْرُ šahru |
Accusative | شَهْرًا šahran |
الشَّهْرَ aš-šahra |
شَهْرَ šahra |
Genitive | شَهْرٍ šahrin |
الشَّهْرِ aš-šahri |
شَهْرِ šahri |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شَهْرَيْن šahrayn |
الشَّهْرَيْن aš-šahrayn |
شَهْرَيْ šahray |
Nominative | شَهْرَانِ šahrāni |
الشَّهْرَانِ aš-šahrāni |
شَهْرَا šahrā |
Accusative | شَهْرَيْنِ šahrayni |
الشَّهْرَيْنِ aš-šahrayni |
شَهْرَيْ šahray |
Genitive | شَهْرَيْنِ šahrayni |
الشَّهْرَيْنِ aš-šahrayni |
شَهْرَيْ šahray |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَشْهُر; شُهُور ʔašhur; šuhūr |
الْأَشْهُر; الشُّهُور al-ʔašhur; aš-šuhūr |
أَشْهُر; شُهُور ʔašhur; šuhūr |
Nominative | أَشْهُرٌ; شُهُورٌ ʔašhurun; šuhūrun |
الْأَشْهُرُ; الشُّهُورُ al-ʔašhuru; aš-šuhūru |
أَشْهُرُ; شُهُورُ ʔašhuru; šuhūru |
Accusative | أَشْهُرًا; شُهُورًا ʔašhuran; šuhūran |
الْأَشْهُرَ; الشُّهُورَ al-ʔašhura; aš-šuhūra |
أَشْهُرَ; شُهُورَ ʔašhura; šuhūra |
Genitive | أَشْهُرٍ; شُهُورٍ ʔašhurin; šuhūrin |
الْأَشْهُرِ; الشُّهُورِ al-ʔašhuri; aš-šuhūri |
أَشْهُرِ; شُهُورِ ʔašhuri; šuhūri |
References
- Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 186–187
- Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “شهر”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 680
Egyptian Arabic
Moroccan Arabic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃhar/
Audio (file) Audio (file)
See also
Gregorian calendar months in Moroccan Arabic · شهور التقويم الميلادي (šhūr et-taqwīm el-mīlādi) (layout · text) | |||
---|---|---|---|
January | February | March | April |
شهر واحد (šhar wāḥid) يناير (yanāyir) |
شهر جوج (šhar jūj) فبراير (fibrāyir) |
شهر تلاتة (šhar tlāta) مارس (māris) |
شهر ربعة (šhar rabʕa) أبريل (abrīl) |
May | June | July | August |
شهر خمسة (šhar ḵamsa) ماي (māy) |
شهر ستة (šhar sitta) يونيو (yūnyu) |
شهر سبعة (šhar sabʕa) يوليوز (yūlyūz) |
شهر تمنية (šhar tmanya) غشت (ḡušt) |
September | October | November | December |
شهر تسعة (šhar tisʕa) شهر تسعود (šhar tisʕūd) شتنبر (šutanbir) |
شهر عشرة (šhar ʕašra) أكتوبر (ʔuktūbar) |
شهر حداش (šhar ḥdāš) نونبر (nuwanbir) |
شهر تناش (šhar tnāš) دجنبر (dujanbir) |
Ottoman Turkish
Noun
شهر • (şehir)
Derived terms
- آلاشهر (alaşehir, “town in Manisa province”)
- اسكی شهر (eski şehir, “a city in Turkey”)
- شهر امینی (şehir emini, “prefect”)
- شهر اوغلانی (şehir oğlanı, “street Arab”)
- شهربند (şehirbend, “the walls around a city”)
- شهرستان (şehirstan, “country full of cities”)
- شهرلو (şehirli, “townsman”)
- نوشهر (nevşehir, “Nevşehir”)
Further reading
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “şehir2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 4448
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “شهر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, Constantinople: Mihran, page 738
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Urbs”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum, Vienna, column 1793
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “شهر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum, Vienna, column 2886
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “şehir”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “شهر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1143
Persian
Etymology
Inherited from Middle Persian 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩 (štry /šahr/) (compare Old Persian 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaça-/)), from Proto-Iranian *xšaθram, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšatrám. Compare Pashto ښار (ẍâr) and Avestan 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 (xšaθra).
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ʃahɾ]
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [ʃäɦɾ]
- (Kabuli) IPA(key): [ʃɑːɾ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [ʃɔːɾ]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ʃæɦɹ]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ʃäɦɾ]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | šahr |
Dari reading? | šahr |
Iranian reading? | šahr |
Tajik reading? | šahr |
Noun
Dari | شهر |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | шаҳр |
شَهْر • (šahr) (plural شهرها (šahr-hâ))
- city, town
- بزرگترین شهر ایران ― bozorgtarin šahr-e irân ― largest city in Iran
- (obsolete) land, country, realm
- c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Tale of Rustam and Isfandiyār”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]:
- چو او شهر ایران به گشتاسپ داد
نیامد ترا هیچ زان تخت یاد
سوی او یکی نامه ننوشتهای
از آرایش بندگی گشتهای- čū ō šahr-i ērān ba guštāsp dād
nay-āmad tu-rā hēč z-ān taxt yād
sōy-i ō yakē nāma na-niwišta'ī
az ārāyiš-i bandagī gašta'ī - When he gave the realm of Iran to Gushtāsp,
You did not remember that throne at all;
You did not write a single letter to him,
You turned away from the adornment of vassalage.
- čū ō šahr-i ērān ba guštāsp dād
Related terms
Descendants
Descendants
- Tajik: шаҳр (šahr)
- → Azerbaijani: şəhər
- → Assamese: চহৰ (sohor)
- → Bengali: শহর (śohor)
- → Crimean Tatar: şeer
- → Gujarati: શહેર (śaher)
- → Hindustani:
- → Karachay-Balkar: шахар (şaxar)
- → Kazakh: шаһар (şahar)
- → Kumyk: шагьар (şahar)
- → Northern Kurdish: şar
- → Kyrgyz: шаар (şaar)
- → Marathi: शहर (śahar)
- → Nepali: सहर (sahar)
- → Ottoman Turkish: شهر (şehir)
- → Punjabi:
- → Uyghur: شەھەر (sheher)
- → Uzbek: shahar
South Levantine Arabic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃahr/, [ˈʃa.h(ɪ)r]
Audio (Amman) (file)
See also
- (units of time) وحدات الوقت (waḥdāt il-waʔt); سنة (sane, “year”), شهر (šahr, “month”), أسبوع (ʔusbūʕ, “week”), يوم (yōm, “day”), ساعة (sāʕa, “hour”), دقيقة (daʔīʔa, “minute”), ثانية (ṯānye, “second”), لحظة (laḥẓa, “moment”)
Gregorian calendar months in South Levantine Arabic · أشهر التقويم الميلادي (ʔašhor it-taqwīm il-mīlādi) (layout · text) | |||
---|---|---|---|
January | February | March | April |
شهر واحد (šahr wāḥad), كانون التاني (kānūn it-tāni) |
شهر تنين (šahr tnēn), شباط (šbāṭ) |
شهر تلاتة (šahr talāte), آذار (ʔāḏār) |
شهر أربعة (šahr arbaʕa), نيسان (nīsān) |
May | June | July | August |
شهر خمسة (šahr ḵamse), أيّار (ʔayyār) |
شهر ستّة (šahr sitte), حزيران (ḥazīrān) |
شهر سبعة (šahr sabʕa), تمّوز (tammūz) |
شهر تمانية (šahr tamanye), آب (ʔāb) |
September | October | November | December |
شهر تسعة (šahr tisʕa), أيلول (ʔēlūl) |
شهر عشرة (šahr ʕašara), تشرين الأوّل (tišrīn il-ʔawwal) |
شهر حدعش (šahr ḥdaʕš), تشرين التاني (tišrīn it-tāni) |
شهر تنعش (šahr tnaʕš), كانون الأوّل (kānūn il-ʔawwal) |
Tunisian Arabic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃhar/
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