شمال
Arabic
Root |
---|
ش م ل (š-m-l) |
Etymology 1
From Proto-Semitic *šimāl-. Cognate with Hebrew שְׂמֹאל (s'mól, “left”), Akkadian 𒆏 (šumēlum, “left side”), Aramaic סְמָלָא (səmālā) / ܣܡܠܐ (semmālā, “left side”), Coptic ϣⲙⲟⲩⲗ (šmoul), Ugaritic 𐎌𐎎𐎀𐎍 (šmảl). The north sense derives from the left-hand side facing the sunrise, also attested in Sabaean 𐩠𐩦𐩱𐩣𐩡 (hs²ʾml, “to be northward”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃi.maːl/
Declension
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شِمَال šimāl |
الشِّمَال aš-šimāl |
شِمَال šimāl |
Nominative | شِمَالٌ šimālun |
الشِّمَالُ aš-šimālu |
شِمَالُ šimālu |
Accusative | شِمَالًا šimālan |
الشِّمَالَ aš-šimāla |
شِمَالَ šimāla |
Genitive | شِمَالٍ šimālin |
الشِّمَالِ aš-šimāli |
شِمَالِ šimāli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شِمَالَيْن šimālayn |
الشِّمَالَيْن aš-šimālayn |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Nominative | شِمَالَانِ šimālāni |
الشِّمَالَانِ aš-šimālāni |
شِمَالَا šimālā |
Accusative | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Genitive | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote; basic broken plural diptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَشْمُل; شَمَائِل; شُمُل ʔašmul; šamāʔil; šumul |
الْأَشْمُل; الشَّمَائِل; الشُّمُل al-ʔašmul; aš-šamāʔil; aš-šumul |
أَشْمُل; شَمَائِل; شُمُل ʔašmul; šamāʔil; šumul |
Nominative | أَشْمُلٌ; شَمَائِلُ; شُمُلٌ ʔašmulun; šamāʔilu; šumulun |
الْأَشْمُلُ; الشَّمَائِلُ; الشُّمُلُ al-ʔašmulu; aš-šamāʔilu; aš-šumulu |
أَشْمُلُ; شَمَائِلُ; شُمُلُ ʔašmulu; šamāʔilu; šumulu |
Accusative | أَشْمُلًا; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلًا ʔašmulan; šamāʔila; šumulan |
الْأَشْمُلَ; الشَّمَائِلَ; الشُّمُلَ al-ʔašmula; aš-šamāʔila; aš-šumula |
أَشْمُلَ; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلَ ʔašmula; šamāʔila; šumula |
Genitive | أَشْمُلٍ; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلٍ ʔašmulin; šamāʔila; šumulin |
الْأَشْمُلِ; الشَّمَائِلِ; الشُّمُلِ al-ʔašmuli; aš-šamāʔili; aš-šumuli |
أَشْمُلِ; شَمَائِلِ; شُمُلِ ʔašmuli; šamāʔili; šumuli |
Synonyms
- يَسَار (yasār)
Antonyms
- يَمِين (yamīn)
References
- Lane, Edward William (1863) “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen
- “Proto-Semitic Root: *ŝimaʔl-; Number 2218” in Georgiy Starostin, Tower of Babel, Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin.
Etymology 2
From the root ش م ل (š-m-l) meaning “to bundle, “to wrap”, “to huddle”, “to be cold” – such senses are influenced by the cold-dry northerly wind necessitating wrapping up with clothes.
Declension
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شِمَال šimāl |
الشِّمَال aš-šimāl |
شِمَال šimāl |
Nominative | شِمَالٌ šimālun |
الشِّمَالُ aš-šimālu |
شِمَالُ šimālu |
Accusative | شِمَالًا šimālan |
الشِّمَالَ aš-šimāla |
شِمَالَ šimāla |
Genitive | شِمَالٍ šimālin |
الشِّمَالِ aš-šimāli |
شِمَالِ šimāli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شِمَالَيْن šimālayn |
الشِّمَالَيْن aš-šimālayn |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Nominative | شِمَالَانِ šimālāni |
الشِّمَالَانِ aš-šimālāni |
شِمَالَا šimālā |
Accusative | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Genitive | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
Plural | basic broken plural diptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَائِل šamāʔil |
الشَّمَائِل aš-šamāʔil |
شَمَائِل šamāʔil |
Nominative | شَمَائِلُ šamāʔilu |
الشَّمَائِلُ aš-šamāʔilu |
شَمَائِلُ šamāʔilu |
Accusative | شَمَائِلَ šamāʔila |
الشَّمَائِلَ aš-šamāʔila |
شَمَائِلَ šamāʔila |
Genitive | شَمَائِلَ šamāʔila |
الشَّمَائِلِ aš-šamāʔili |
شَمَائِلِ šamāʔili |
References
- Lane, Edward William (1863) “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen
Etymology 3
From the root ش م ل (š-m-l) meaning “to be leftward” – the north direction being the left-hand side facing the sunrise; constrast with اَلْيَمَن (al-yaman), originally denoting one's right-hand side, before developing the sense of "the south". Additionally it is relatable to the root meaning “to bundle” or “to wrap”, as the cold northern wind necessitated wrapping up with clothes, contrasting with جَنُوب (janūb, “south”) from the root ج ن ب (j-n-b) meaning “changing”, “laying aside” clothes, the warm southern wind allowing to put off clothes.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃa.maːl/
Audio (file)
Declension
Coordinate terms
- (compass points) اِتِّجَاهَات الْبَوْصَلَةِ (ittijāhāt al-bawṣalati);
شَمَال غَرْبِيّ (šamāl ḡarbiyy) | شَمَال (šamāl) | شَمَال شَرْقِيّ (šamāl šarqiyy) |
غَرْب (ḡarb) | شَرْق (šarq) | |
جَنُوب غَرْبِيّ (janūb ḡarbiyy) | جَنُوب (janūb) | جَنُوب شَرْقِيّ (janūb šarqiyy) |
Declension
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَال šamāl |
الشَّمَال aš-šamāl |
شَمَال šamāl |
Nominative | شَمَالٌ šamālun |
الشَّمَالُ aš-šamālu |
شَمَالُ šamālu |
Accusative | شَمَالًا šamālan |
الشَّمَالَ aš-šamāla |
شَمَالَ šamāla |
Genitive | شَمَالٍ šamālin |
الشَّمَالِ aš-šamāli |
شَمَالِ šamāli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | شَمَالَيْن šamālayn |
الشَّمَالَيْن aš-šamālayn |
شَمَالَيْ šamālay |
Nominative | شَمَالَانِ šamālāni |
الشَّمَالَانِ aš-šamālāni |
شَمَالَا šamālā |
Accusative | شَمَالَيْنِ šamālayni |
الشَّمَالَيْنِ aš-šamālayni |
شَمَالَيْ šamālay |
Genitive | شَمَالَيْنِ šamālayni |
الشَّمَالَيْنِ aš-šamālayni |
شَمَالَيْ šamālay |
Plural | sound feminine plural | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | شَمَالَات šamālāt |
الشَّمَالَات aš-šamālāt |
شَمَالَات šamālāt |
Nominative | شَمَالَاتٌ šamālātun |
الشَّمَالَاتُ aš-šamālātu |
شَمَالَاتُ šamālātu |
Accusative | شَمَالَاتٍ šamālātin |
الشَّمَالَاتِ aš-šamālāti |
شَمَالَاتِ šamālāti |
Genitive | شَمَالَاتٍ šamālātin |
الشَّمَالَاتِ aš-šamālāti |
شَمَالَاتِ šamālāti |
References
- Lane, Edward William (1863) “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen
- Wehr, Hans (1979) “شمل”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
Chagatai
Hijazi Arabic
Root |
---|
ش م ل |
1 term |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃa.maːl/
Coordinate terms
- (compass points) اِتِّجَاهَات الْبوصَلَة (ittijāhāt al-būṣala);
شَمَال غَرْب (šamāl ḡarb) | شَمَال (šamāl) | شَمَال شَرْق (šamāl šarg) |
غَرْب (ḡarb) | شَرْق (šarg) | |
جَنُوب غَرْب (janūb ḡarb) | جَنُوب (janūb) | جَنُوب شَرْق (janūb šarg) |
Derived terms
- شَمالي (šamāli, “northern”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃu.maːl/, [ʃʊ.maːl]
Moroccan Arabic
Root |
---|
ش م ل |
1 term |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃa.maːl/
Derived terms
- شمالي (šamāli, “northern”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃmaːl/
Derived terms
- شمالي (šmāli, “left-handed”)
Persian
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ʃu.ˈmɑːl]
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [ʃʊ.mɑ́ːl]
- (Kabuli) IPA(key): [ʃʊ.mɑ́ːl]
- (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [ʃu.mɔ́ːl̥]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ʃo.mɒ́ːl̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ʃi.mɔ́l]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | šumāl |
Dari reading? | šumāl |
Iranian reading? | šomâl |
Tajik reading? | šimol |
Derived terms
- شمالی (šomâli)
South Levantine Arabic
Root |
---|
ش م ل |
1 term |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃmaːl/, [ʃmæːl]
Audio (Jerusalem) (file)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃa.maːl/, [ʃaˈmæːl]
Audio (Ramallah) (file)
Derived terms
- شمالي (šamāli, “northern”)
Urdu
Etymology
Borrowed from Classical Persian شمال (šamāl), itself from Arabic شَمَال (šamāl).
Pronunciation
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /ʃʊ.mɑːl/, /ʃɪ.mɑːl/
Audio (PK) (file) - Rhymes: -ɑːl