Queen Jeonghyeon
정현왕후
貞顯王后
Queen Jeonghyeon‘s burial grounds, ca. 2007
Queen dowager of Joseon
Tenure19 January 1495 – 23 September 1530
Predecessor
SuccessorQueen Dowager Seongryeol
Queen consort of Joseon
Tenure8 November 1480[1] – 29 January 1495
PredecessorQueen Jeheon
SuccessorQueen Jeinwondeok
Royal Consort of Second Junior Rank
Tenure14 June 1473 - 8 November 1480[2]
Born30 July 1462
Gwan-ah, Sinchang County (now South Chungcheong Province), Chungcheong Province, Kingdom of Joseon
Died23 September 1530 (1530-09-24) (aged 68)
Jeongchim, Dong Palace, Gyeongbok Palace, Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon
SpouseYi Hyeol, King Seongjong (m.1473–d.1495)
Issue
Posthumous name
자순화혜소의흠숙정현왕후
慈順和惠昭懿欽淑貞顯王后
HousePapyeong Yun (by birth)
Jeonju Yi (by marriage)
FatherYun Ho, Internal Prince Yeongwon
MotherInternal Princess Consort Yeonan of the Damyang Jeon clan

Queen Jeonghyeon (정현왕후 윤씨; 30 July 1462 – 29 September 1530[3]), of the Papyeong Yun clan,[4] was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and third queen consort of Yi Hyeol, King Seongjong and the mother of Yi Yeok, King Jungjong. She was queen consort of Joseon from 1479 until her husband's death in 1495, after she was then honoured as Queen Dowager Jasun (자순왕대비) during the reigns of her adoptive son, King Yeonsan from 1495-1506, and her son, King Jungjong from 1506-1530.

Queen Jeonghyeon came to wield considerable power and also influence a number of political decisions which secured her son's position on the throne, however, her excessive reliance on her kin and paternal clan paved way for the occurrence of the second and third literati purges.

Early life

Yun Chang-nyeon (윤창년, 尹昌年) was born on 21 July 1462 into the Paepyeong Yun clan to Yun Ho and his wife, Lady Jeon of the Damyang Jeon clan as their second child and only daughter within two sons.

On her father’s side, Queen Jeonghui, a Queen Consort of King Sejo, is her second cousin twice removed, and Queen Munjeong, the future Queen Consort of her son, King Jungjong, was her fourth cousin twice removed.

One of her 6th (older) cousins (육촌오빠) was Yun Pil-sang (윤필상, 尹弼商), Internal Prince Papyeong (파평부원군; 1427 – 1504).[5] Yun Pil-sang’s cousin, Yun Sa-ro (윤사로; 1423 – 1463), married the fourth daughter of King Sejong, Princess Jeonghyeon. With their eldest son, he became the father-in-law of Han Myeong-hoe, and the brother-in-law to Queen Jangsun and Queen Gonghye. As well as their granddaughter who married Park Won-jong, the maternal uncle of Queen Janggyeong; who was also a 5th cousin once removed of the future Queen.

Through her father, Yun Gwan, a Goryeo general, was her 10th great-grandfather and Royal Consort Hui-bi, the Queen consort of King Chunghye of Goryeo, was her first cousin 5th times removed.

With her future husband and herself, they were fourth cousins as they share Yun Cheok (윤척, 尹陟) as their third great-grandfather.

The Queen had a fairly good upbringing because of her background having been born to the privileged Yangban society and she received education in both Hangul and Hangja where she excelled with remarkable calligraphy skills, she was naturally a reserved woman who was known to be intelligent and smart, more courteous than many women of her era, she was beautiful and warm hearted to many.

As A Royal Consort

The new king who had ascended the throne of Joseon in 1469 was still young and his infancy had paved way for the establishment of a regency which was headed by his grandmother Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong who was assisted by his mother Queen Insu.

Soon enough though, Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong's influence surpassed that of his own mother whose was strained because the former was her senior and she had barely received a title at that point, the intense strife between Seongjong's Grandmother and his mother for dominance had an effect on his marriage. Since it was natural for a King to take in concubines, both the Grand Queen Dowager and Queen Mother, in a thick contest of wills, presented a number of candidates from some of the wealthiest and noble families in the land. Initially with the intention of strengthening the young King's position since by this time, there were still a number of people that were opposed to King Sejo's line of succession.

Yun Chang-nyeon, who was an excellent candidate, was elected deliberately because her father Yun Ho served in a high position in 1473 and moreso it was under the patronship of Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong. She was given the title of Suk-ui (숙의, 淑儀) with second junior rank (종2품) having born King Seongjong a son, Grand Prince Jinseong, and three princesses; Princess Suksun, and two unnamed princesses who died prematurely.

In 1473, Han Song-yi, who was Seongjong's first queen consort, died and was posthumously honoured as Queen Gonghye and because she perished without a male issue, the King was urged by counselors to take a second Queen consort to secure the royal succession. Seongjeong had decided to elevate one of his concubines to the position and Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Haman Yun clan was chosen as the new Queen Consort for her beauty. Lady Yun was instated on 8 August 1476 at the age of 21 and several months later, she succeeded in giving birth to Yi Yung who later to become King Yeonsan.

The new Queen however proved to be temperamental and highly jealous of Seongjong's remaining concubines and Yun Chang-nyeon was not a exception, she'd even stooped to poisoning one[6] of them in 1477. One night in 1479 during a heated argument with her husband and two of his Consorts, which was rumored to have supposedly been orchestrated by Yun Chang-nyeon, and the concubines who had now become afraid of the young Queen, she clawed the King, leaving visible scratch marks on his face.

The King who was perhaps lenient to her tried to conceal the injury, but remarkably, his mother, Queen Dowager Insu was somehow informed of the incident and upon unravelling the truth, concerted her power with Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong and ordered the Queen to be deposed and sent into exile.

Queen Yun was thus rebuked as a queen in 1479. It is argued that Yun Chang-nyeon had sufficiently helped to bring upon her demise along with her father, Yun Ho and her 6th cousin, Yun Pil-sang. But it is unknown how much Royal Consort Suk-ui, who was 17 years old at the time, was involved in the disposition of the now deposed Queen Yun.[7]

Since the position of the Queen couldn't be left vacant still, Seongjong was urged by the Royal Court, and both his Grandmother and mother, to choose a new mother for the nation. Instead of bringing in another woman from outside the Palace, he exploited his Royal prerogative to elevate one of his Royal Concubines to the position and even though, to the opposition of many who still held her accountable for Queen Yun's demise, Yun Chang-nyeon was nonetheless selected as the third queen consort of Seongjong on 8 November 1480 and was officially Crowned.

As Queen Consort

Seongjong's first wife, Queen Gonghye of the Cheongju Han clan, and Yejong’s first wife, Queen Jangsun of the Cheongju Han clan, were also first cousins thrice removed of Queen Jeonghyeon. Queen Jeonghyeon's great-grandmother, Lady Han of the Cheongju Han clan, is the daughter of Han Sang-jil, and a paternal aunt of one of King Sejo's close associates, Han Myeong-hoe; making them first cousins twice removed.

The New Queen Yun Chang-nyeon having ascended the throne had her position far from secure and as it so happened that her instatement itself sparked off a number of tumultuous affairs in the Royal Court, under the Aegis of the three Queens Dowager: Jaseong, Inhye, and Insu, the Deposed Queen Yun became a political rival that she needed to get rid of for her own safety.

Two years after her instatement in 1482, the Queen supposedly influencing the ladies of the Inner Court, pushed for the execution of the Deposed Queen. It worked out with ease seeing that the Inner Court was run by only Royal women of the Palace and male officials barely had any influence within that sphere and on top of that, the Deposed Queen lacked sympathizers because of her ill and cruel treatment towards the Court ladies and Eunuchs by which the situation was worsened by the fact that the King's own power in the Inner Court was no match for the Queen's. The Deposed Queen Yun, having resided outside the Palace for three years, eventually met the fate that she'd helped mete out of so many people when a Royal Edict was issued sentencing her to commit suicide by swallowing poison.

After the Deposed Queen's demise, Queen Yun Chang-nyeon went to all possible lengths to erase the memory of the Deposed Queen Yun from the Palace to the point that she even went an extra step to show her affections towards her son, the Crown Prince Yeonsan. She also adopted the young boy officially a year later and showered him with love as though he were her own, ordering all ladies of the palace and Eunuchs to keep their mouths shut about his maternity with the resuscitation of Queen Yun. Prince Yeonsan grew up knowing Queen Jeonghyeon as his birth mother instead as his adoptive mother all the way into adulthood.

In 1483, Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong died and was posthumously honoured as Queen Jeonghui. Hereafter, her mother-in-law came to wield enormous Royal Power as the most affluent elder of the Palace, but this will later backfire. Without her greatest patron, Queen Jeonghyeon's own influence in the Inner Court was severely curtailed but even if her later years as the Queen were peaceful, there was bound to be conflagration.

Later Life as Queen Dowager

In 1493, after roughly twenty five years on the throne, Seongjong eventually fell ill and passed on. The succession came up to his eldest son and the Crown Prince Yeonsan finally ascended the throne as the tenth King of Joseon. The Queen Consort was elevated to the rank of Royal Queen Dowager and granted the honorary name when writing the tombstone of Seongjong. Someone within the court learned of Yun's private affairs and provided the cause of the massacre of the Sarim faction through sudden death. But in 1494, the young king eventually learned of what had happened to his biological mother and attempted to posthumously restore her titles and position.

In 1497, during Yeosangun’s third year of reign, she received the honor of Jasun (慈順) and Hwahye (和惠) in 1504 for her posthumous title.

Because Queen Dowager Insu held enormous influence over the court due to her father and clan alliances, this brought indifferences between her and her grandson’s rule as king. These inconsolable differences soon led to a brutal clash; leaving the Queen Dowager to die in 1504 after King Yeonsan pushed her in an altercation when he found out his grandmother was behind the cause of his birth mother’s death.

After finding out more information on his biological mother with the help of Im Sa-hong, King Yeonsangun caused a purge in connection with the death of his mother, Queen Jeheon, and executed the ministers and members of the royal family that were involved. No one from the palace involved was safe; the King ordered to beat to death, or some say that they were dismembered to pieces, two of his father's concubines, Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Chogye Jeong clan and Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Yeongwol Eom clan, for their part in his mother's death.

It was said that the King even went as far as to ordering to open the grave of Han Myeong-hoe, the father of Queen Jangsun and Queen Gonghye, to be opened and have the head to be cut off the corpse posthumously. This punishment was considered the most severe, but he didn’t stop and continued to punish officials who were simply present at the royal court at that time; for the crime of not preventing the actions of those who abused his mother.

At some point after the bloody confrontations, the King finally went to his adoptive mother’s, Queen Dowager Jasun, quarters and ordered the Queen Dowager to come out of her living quarters. When doing so, this caused the Queen Dowager to be held at sword point, but because the current Queen consort, Queen Jeinwondeok, was around when the chaos started, she was able to intervene to protect her legal mother-in-law from her husband.

This was known as the Second Literati purge to which brought Im Sa-hong and his allies be promoted while receiving many important offices and other rewards.

In 1506, a Grand Prince concluded that the reign of his older half-brother King Yeonsan needed to be stopped as the nation was to be in shambles and needed a reliable strong ruler, not a violent tyrant. So during a revolt, the leading forces of the anti-government advocated the establishment of Grand Prince Jinseong (later King Jungjong) on the throne and consented.

Thus a coup insinuated against the king and eventually bringing the grand prince to demote the royal couple, as Prince Yeonsan and Princess Consort Geochang, to Ganghwa Island. The now King Jungjong wanted to spare their children, but because the court officials didn’t want to risk another uprising, they pushed the remaining two sons of the royal couple to be sentenced to death by poisoning right after the coup, despite that the new king was reluctant to enforce such punishment.

This left Princess Hwishin to be spared as she was already married, but her royal titles and the house given by her father were eventually taken back. But with the opinions of Yun Sun (유순, 柳洵) and other court officials, the king gave her titles and house back in 1508. This followed with a visit from the king as well to see how his half-niece was doing after the ordeal.

The Queen Dowager lived a quiet life after the succession of her son, and eventually died on 13 December 1530 at the age of 68 within Gyeongbok Palace’s Dong Palace.[8] Her son made a statement highlighting her virtues, “The Queen Mother was benevolent and harmonious with her family and did not seek a government post for her maternal relatives” (대비는 인자하여 족속들과 화목하였으며 외척을 위해 벼슬을 구하지 않았다).

For her posthumous title, “Jeong” (정, 貞) was for the achievement of great thoughts, and “Hyeon” (현, 顯) was for the appearance of conduct outside the court; becoming Queen Jeonghyeon (정현왕후, 貞顯王后).

She is buried in Seonreung (Gangnam, Seoul, South Korea) with her husband and his first wife, Queen Gonghye.

Family

  • Uncle - Yun Oh (윤오, 尹塢)
  • Uncle - Yun Dang (윤당, 尹塘)
  • Father − Yun Ho, Internal Prince Yeongwon (1424 – 9 April 1496) (영원부원군 윤호, 鈴原府院君 尹壕)
  • Uncle - Yun Hae (윤해, 尹垓)
  • Uncle - Yun Tan (윤탄, 尹坦)
  • Uncle - Yun Pa (윤파, 尹坡)
    • 1) Grandfather − Yun Sam-san, Internal Prince Yeongcheon (1406 – 1457) (영천부원군 윤삼산, 尹三山)[9]
      • 2) Great-Grandfather − Yun Gon (윤곤, 尹坤) (? - 11 March 1422)
        • 3) Great-Great-Grandfather − Yun Seung-sun (윤승순, 尹承順) (? - 1392)[10]
          • 4) Great-Great-Great-Grandfather − Yun Cheok (윤척, 尹陟) (? - 1384)
            • 5) Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather − Yun Ahn-suk (윤안숙, 尹安淑)[11][12]
              • 6) Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather − Yun Bo (윤보, 尹珤) (? - 1329)
                • 7) Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather - Yun Sun (윤순, 尹純)
                  • 8) Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather − Yun Bok-won (윤복원, 尹復元)
                    • 9) Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather − Yun Sang-gye (윤상계, 尹商季) (? - 1201)[13]
                • 7) Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother − Lady Yi
              • 6) Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother − Lady Park
          • 4) Great-Great-Great-Grandmother − Lady Yi (이씨, 李氏); second daughter of Yi Gwang-gi (이광기, 李光起)
        • 3) Great-Great-Grandmother − Princess Consort Yi of the Danyang Yi clan (군부인 단양 이씨); eldest daughter of Yi Geo-gyeong (이거경, 李居敬)
      • 2) Great-Grandmother − Princess Geunsun of the Cheongju Han clan (근순택주 청주 한씨);[14] Yun Geun’s second wife
    • 1) Grandmother − Lady Lee of the Goseong Lee clan (고성 이씨)
  • Mother − Internal Princess Consort Yeonan of the Damyang Jeon clan (연안부부인 담양 전씨, 延安府夫人 潭陽 田氏) (1421 - 27 October 1500)
    • 1) Grandfather − Jeon Jwa-Myeong (전좌명, 田佐命)
    • 1) Grandmother − Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (전주 이씨); daughter of Yi Bang (이방, 李邦)

Sibling(s)

  • Older brother − Yun Eun-ro (윤은로, 尹殷老)
  • Younger brother − Yun Tang-ro (윤탕로, 尹湯老) (1466 - 5 June 1508)
    • Sister-in-law- Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (전주 이씨) (? - 29 June 1509)[15]
      • Nephew − Yun Jin (윤진, 尹珍) (24 November 1498 - 23 February 1543)
        • Niece-in-law - Lady Kim of the Gwangsan Kim clan (광산 김씨, 光山 金氏); daughter of Kim Geuk-gae (김극개, 金克愷; 14 November 1474 - ?)
        • Niece-in-law - Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan (남양 홍씨) (1505 - 1587)[16][17]
          • Grandniece — Lady Yun of the Papyeong Yun clan (파평 윤씨)
            • Grandnephew-in-law - Han Gyeong-sang (한경상, 韓景祥) of the Cheongju Han clan
              • Great-Grandnephew - Han Chim (한침, 韓琛)
          • Grandniece — Lady Yun of the Papyeong Yun clan (파평 윤씨)
            • Grandnephew-in-law - Yi Ui-geon (이의건, 李義健) of the Jeonju Yi clan
          • Grandnephew − Yun Yu-geun (윤유곤, 尹裕昆) (13 March 1526 - 21 January 1549)
            • Grandniece-in-law - Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (전주 이씨) (1528 - 18 October 1590)[18]
              • Adoptive Great-Grandnephew - Yun Gong (윤공, 尹鞏) (1561 - 1629); second son of Yun Yu-hu
          • Grandnephew − Yun Yu-hu (윤유후, 尹裕後) (11 January 1541 - 13 August 1606)
      • Niece − Lady of the Papyeong Yun clan (파평 윤씨)
        • Nephew-in-law - Yi Chang-in (이창인, 李昌仁) of the Jeonju Yi clan
          • Grandnephew − Yi Suk (이숙, 李淑)
      • Half-nephew − Yun Seok (윤석, 尹錫)
      • Half-nephew − Yun Nan-dong (윤난동, 尹蘭同)
      • Half-niece − Lady Yun of the Papyeong Yun clan (파평 윤씨)
        • Half nephew-in-law - Kim Won-seok (김원석, 金元錫)

Consort

Children

  • Adoptive son − Yi Yung, King Yeonsan (연산군) (23 November 1476 - 20 November 1506)
  • Daughter − Princess Sunsuk (1478 – 20 August 1488) (순숙공주)[19]
  • Unnamed daughter (1485 - 1486)
  • Son − Yi Yeok, King Jungjong (16 April 1488 – 29 November 1544) (조선 중종)
  • Unnamed daughter (1490 - 1490)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In Lunar Calendar
  2. ↑ In Lunar Calendar
  3. ↑ In lunar calendar, the Queen was born on 25 June 1462 and died on 22 August 1530
  4. ↑ "Royal Ladies of Joseon Dynasty". 2 April 2015.
  5. ↑ Yun Pil-sang and Queen Jeonghyeon both shared Yun Seung-sun (윤승순, 尹承順) (? - 1392) as their great-great-grandfather (in Western terms, they’re third cousins).
  6. ↑ The poisoned concubine is speculated to be Royal Consort So-ui of the Yi clan (소의 이씨)
  7. ↑ "Royal Ladies of Joseon Dynasty". the talking cupboard. 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  8. ↑ Dong Palace or Donggung (동궁, 東宮) is a palace located on the east side of Byeob Palace or Beopgung (법궁, 法宮; later Jeong Palace 정궁), and mainly the Crown Prince resides there.
  9. ↑ Was the younger half-brother to Yun Jeung’s 8th great-grandfather
  10. ↑ He is an older brother of Queen Jeonghui’s grandfather, Yun Seung-rye (윤승례, 尹承禮) (? - 13 October 1397)
  11. ↑ Through his brother Yun Gye-jong (윤계종, 尹繼宗) (? - March 1396) and his wife, Lady Min of the Yeoheung Min clan (여흥 민씨), his niece became Royal Consort Hui-bi of the Papyeong Yun clan (a consort of King Chunghye of Goryeo)
  12. ↑ Was the great-great-grandfather of Queen Jeonghui and eventually became the 5th great-grandfather of Queen Janggyeong and Yun Im, and the 6th great-grandfather of Queen Munjeong and Yun Wonhyeong.
  13. ↑ He was the great-grandson of Yun Gwan
  14. ↑ She was the paternal half-aunt of Han Myeonghoe
  15. ↑ Lady Yi was the eldest daughter of Yi Gae, Prince Woonsan (운산군 이계;1453 - 17 December 1510) with his first wife, Princess Consort Shincheon of the Hyeonpung Gwak clan (신천군부인 현풍 곽씨). As well as the great-granddaughter of King Sejong and Royal Noble Consort Shin.
  16. ↑ She was the aunt to the wife of Prince Hawon, the son of Grand Internal Prince Deokheung and nephew of King Seonjo
  17. ↑ Daughter of Hong Eon-pil (홍언필, 洪彦弼; 1476 - 1549) and Lady Song of the Yeosan Song clan (여산 송씨).
  18. ↑ Lady Yi was a great-great-granddaughter of Grand Prince Yangnyeong, and a 3rd great-granddaughter of King Taejong and Queen Wongyeong
  19. ↑ Died at the age of 9-10
  20. ↑ She was also known as Yi Ok-ryeon (이옥련, 李玉蓮)
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