Queen Sohye
소혜왕후
昭惠王后
Naehun (Instructions for women)
Naehun (Instructions for women)
Grand queen dowager of Joseon
인수 대왕대비
Tenure29 January 1495 – 21 May 1504
Predecessor
SuccessorGrand Queen Dowager Seongryeol
Queen dowager of Joseon
인수 대비
Tenure1475 – 29 January 1495
Predecessor
SuccessorQueen Dowager Jasun
Queen with unspecified status
인수 왕비
Tenure1470 – 1475
Crown Princess consort of Joseon
Tenure1455 – 29 September 1457
PredecessorCrown Princess Hyeondeok
SuccessorCrown Princess Jangsun
Born16 October 1437
Hanseong, Joseon
Died21 May 1504 (1504-05-22) (aged 66)
Gyeongchun Hall, Changgyeong Palace, Hanseong, Joseon
Burial
Gyeongneung
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1450⁠–⁠1457)​
IssueYi Jeong, Grand Prince Wolsan
Yi Gyeong-geun, Princess Myeongsuk
Yi Hyeol, King Seongjong
Posthumous name
인수자숙휘숙명의소혜왕후
仁粹慈淑徽肅明懿昭惠王后
ClanCheongju Han clan (by birth)
Jeonju Yi clan (by marriage)
DynastyHouse of Yi
FatherHan Hwak
MotherLady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan

Queen Sohye (16 October 1437 – 21 May 1504),[2] of the Cheongju Han clan, was the only wife of Crown Prince Uigyeong. She never was the consort of a reigning king. Nevertheless, she was honored as Queen Insu (인수왕후) and later as Queen Dowager Insu (인수왕대비) during the reign of her son Yi Hyeol, King Seongjong. Moreover, she was later honored as Grand Queen Dowager Insu (인수대왕대비) during the reign of her grandson Yi Yung, Prince Yeonsan. After her death, she was posthumously honored with the title Queen Sohye (소혜왕후).

She is mostly known for her proficiency in Chinese Classics, Confucianism and Buddhism as well, and for her involvement in the political affairs of her time,[3] from the accession of Grand Prince Suyang to the throne to the reign of Yeonsangun. She authored the Naehun in 1475.

Lady Han, the Crown Princess

Born as Han Do-san (한도산, 韓桃山), the future Queen Insu was born as a member of the Cheongju Han clan, a powerful yangban family with a long tradition of providing high-ranking officers and royal consorts as well. She was given a high education in Confucian values and the Chinese classics.

Lady Han married to Yi Jang, Prince Dowon in 1450, during the reign of Munjong, the 5th Joseon ruler, and was given the royal title of Princess Consort Dowon (도원군부인, 桃源君夫人) with the Senior 2nd rank (정2품, 正二品). Their families decided this union when Han Hwak, her father, was 4th Councilor (좌찬성) and Yi Yu, Prince Dowon's father, was a Grand Prince among the others. After the 1453 coup, aka Gyeyu Jeongnan (계유정난), Grand Prince Suyang became Chief State Councilor (영의정) and Minister of Personnel (이조 판서) as well. In the same move,[4] Han Hwak became Third State Councilor (우의정).

Moreover, Han Myeong-hoe (한명회 韓明澮), the organizer of the plot, was a 6th (older) cousin (육촌오빠) of Lady Han, while Han Myeong-jin (한명진 韓明溍), another cousin, was also enlisted as 3,17 in the reward list (정난공신) for the coup.[5] This started the network of her political influence.[6]

In the second step, the 1455 coup deprived Danjong, the child King, of any power and instated Suyang to the throne, later honored with temple name Sejo. As a result, Dowon was elevated to the Crown Prince status as Crown Prince Uigyeong and Lady Han was elevated and firstly honored as Crown Princess Consort Jeong (정빈) on 26 July 1455, lunar calendar.[7] But she was later honored a different title, Crown Princess Consort Su (수빈), as to not confuse her with Queen Wongyeong’s previous title.

Insu, the Queen Mother

In 1454, the Crown Princess bore Yi Jeong (Prince Wolsan), her first child, had a daughter (Princess Myeongsuk) the next year and gave birth to Yi Hyeol (Prince Jasan) in 1457. The same year, Uigyeong died on 2 September, lunar calendar. In the royal palace, the Crown Princess became known for her scholarly interest in Confucian education and she devoted herself to the education of the royal grandsons. She had a good relationship to King Sejo, who referred to her as a good daughter-in-law.[8] At the death of Sejo, the second son of the late King accessed to the throne and the influence of Lady Han waned. But the reign of Yejong only lasted 14 months. And then, Jasan, the second son of Lady Han accessed to the throne in 1469.

Insu's grave
Queen Sohye's grave

At this date, the status of Lady Han was not so clear, since Uigyeong never reigned. In a first step in 1470, Uigyeong was elevated and honored posthumously as king without a temple name, so he was addressed as King Uigyeong (의경왕), and Lady Han received the ambiguous title of Queen Insu (인수왕비, Insu Wangbi). The next year, several of Insu's direct relatives were enlisted as meritorious subjects:[9] Han Chi-hyeong (한치형, 淸城君) (2nd cousin 사천) as 3.17, together with her brothers Han Chi-in (한치인, 韓致仁), Han Chi-ui (한치의, 韓致義) and Han Chi-rye (한치례, 韓致禮) as 4.17, 4.23 and 4.26. Han Myeong-hoe himself was enlisted as 1.02.

In any case, the regency (1469–1476) was exerted by Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong, the mother-in-law of Insu, so that Insu's political influence was constrained to the point of not receiving a title acknowledging her as the mother of the reigning king. After some time, Insu's title still became matter of debate because queen consort title was reserved for primary consort of the reigning king, while Insu herself was the King's mother. But, in order to honour Insu as queen dowager, there was a need to determine the rank between her and Queen Dowager Inhye (Yejong's widow). Jaseong, as grand queen dowager and the most senior elder in the royal family, solved this problem with her statement that Insu had been entrusted with the task of protecting Yejong by the late King Sejo, implying her seniority above both the late Yejong and Queen Dowager Inhye. Thus, it was more appropriate to place Insu above Inhye. So Insu was honored as queen dowager in 1474 and had higher rank than Inhye, and her late husband received temple name Deokjong (덕종, 德宗), acknowledging them as Seongjong's formally recognized parents.

The young Queen Consort of the King died in 1474 at the age 17 and was posthumously honored as Queen Gonghye. The Ksitigarbha Pranidahana Sutra (The Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva) was commissioned by the three queens dowager through the Royal Treasury Agency. This Sutra is now considered an important artifact for the study of printing and Buddhism during the Joseon Dynasty.[10]

Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong died in 1483 and was posthumously honored as Queen Jeonghui and Insu became the most influent elder in the palace, exerting a large part of the royal power. With the death of Seongjong and the accession of her grandson Yeonsangun, she became the Grand Queen Dowager Insu (인수대왕대비) and gathered even more power. At the end, this led to a brutal clash and she died in 1504 after an altercation with Yeonsangun who found out about the cause of his birth mother’s death.

After her death, she was granted the posthumous name Queen Sohye (소혜왕후). Her tomb is at Gyeongneung Royal Tomb in Goyang, [11] just beside Dowon's tomb. The latter is a very simple one, since Dowon was only a Crown Prince at his death in 1457. On the other hand, Sohye's tomb was built in full regalia, and placed at the left of the Dowon's tomb since, in 1504, Sohye was deceased with the status of Grand Queen Dowager.

Authorship

Queen Insu authored of the Naehun (Instructions for women) in 1475. This books appears as a Confucian morality guidebook for women, describing appropriate behavior in accordance with Confucian ideals. It can also be read as a manifesto describing self-cultivation as the most appropriate behavior for a women, endorsing the political activities of the author.

With the exception of a few poems, this book is the first known book written by a woman in Korea.[12]

Family

Drama

Film

Novels

  • Queen Dowager Insu by Shin Bong-seung, 1999, ISBN 89-88086-36-8
  • Queen Dowager Insu by Yi Su-gwang, 2011, ISBN 978-89-962724-8-9
  • The Woman Who Made the King, Shin Bong-seung, 2012, ISBN 978-89-6370-791-4

Sources

  • Ko, Dorothy; Haboush, JaHyun Kim; Piggott, Joan, eds. (2003). Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23138-2. 250 pages.
  • Duncan, John (2015). "The Naehun and the Politics of Gender in Fifteenth-Century Korea". In Young-Key Kim-Renaud (ed.). Creative Women of Korea: The Fifteenth Through the Twentieth Centuries. pp. 26–57. doi:10.4324/9781315705378. ISBN 978-0-7656-3994-3.
  • Park, Si Nae (2005). Re-reading Queen Sohye's Naehun (Thesis). University of British Columbia. viii+105 pages.
  • Sillok (1471a). "Seongjong Sillok, 2년 3월 27일".
  • EncyKor (2020a). "계유정난" [Gyeyu Jeongnan, 1453]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  • Seoul History Compilation Center (2020b). "조선 단종 원년" [gyeyunyeon, 1453]. Seoul six hundred years history.
  • Seoul History Compilation Center (2020c). "조선 단종 3년 · 세조 원년" [eulhaenyeon, 1455]. Seoul six hundred years history.
  • "Queen Sohye's Instruction for Women (Queen mother Insu, Seongjong's mother)". Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  • Cultural Heritage Administration (2020). "Royal Tombs". english.cha.go.kr. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
  • "Ksitigarbha pranidhana Sutra (Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva), treasure=1567". Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea. 2008. Retrieved 2021-01-20.

References

  1. ↑ "서울육백년사 연표 : 네이버 지식백과".
  2. ↑ In lunar calendar, the Queen died on 8 September 1437 and died on 27 April 1503
  3. ↑ Duncan 2015, p. 35.
  4. ↑ EncyKor 2020a.
  5. ↑ SHCC 2020b, 10.13.
  6. ↑ Duncan 2015, p. 33.
  7. ↑ SHCC 2020c, 07.26.
  8. ↑ Duncan 2015, p. 32.
  9. ↑ Sillok 1471a.
  10. ↑ Treasure_1567 2008.
  11. ↑ Cultural Heritage 2020.
  12. ↑ AKS 2019.
  13. ↑ Was given the royal title of “Internal Prince Seowon” (서원부원군, 西原府院君)
  14. ↑ His two sisters became concubines for two Chinese emperors (Emperor Yongle and Emperor Xuande)
  15. ↑ Was given the royal title of “Internal Princess Consort Namyang of the Namyang Hong clan” (남양부부인 남양 홍씨, 南陽府夫人 南陽 洪氏).
  16. ↑ Her niece, Princess Consort Gangnyeong of the Namyang Hong clan (강녕부부인 남양 홍씨, 江寧府夫人 南陽 洪氏) (? - 1483), married Yi Im, Grand Prince Pyeongwon (평원대군 이임, 平原大君 琳; 1427 - 1445). He was the 9th child of Queen Soheon and King Sejong
  17. ↑ Her older brother, Hong Won-yong, Duke Janggan, Prince Gangnyeong (강녕군 장간공 홍원용, 江寧君 章簡公 洪元用) of the Namyang Hong clan (1401? - 1466), married Queen Jeonghui’s older sister. Thus making Queen Insu the maternal niece and daughter-in-law of Queen Jeonghui.
  18. ↑ Was given the posthumous title of King Deokjong of Joseon (조선 덕종)
  19. ↑ She is the maternal aunt of Queen Janggyeong
  20. ↑ Their son eventually married Queen Janggyeong’s eldest sister
  21. ↑ His aunt, Royal Noble Consort Suk, was the concubine of King Munjong and Hong was a first cousin once removed of Royal Consort So-yong of the Papyeong Yun clan (소용 윤씨), another concubine of King Munjong, as Suk’s mother and Yun’s father were siblings
  1. Royal Ladies of Joseon Dynasty
  2. Royal Tombs of Joseon
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