Global top-selling light-duty plug-in electric vehicle regional or country markets as of December 2021

Comparison of plug-in electric car ownership per capita in selected top selling countries and regional markets as plug-in cars per 1,000 people, as of December 2021

Electric car use by country varies worldwide, as the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles is affected by consumer demand, market prices, availability of charging infrastructure, and government policies, such as purchase incentives and long term regulatory signals (ZEV mandates, CO₂ emissions regulations, fuel economy standards, and phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles).^[1]

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are generally divided into all-electric or battery electric vehicles (BEVs), that run only on batteries, and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), that combine battery power with internal combustion engines. The popularity of electric vehicles has been expanding rapidly due to government subsidies, improving charging infrastructure, their increasing range and lower battery costs, and environmental sensitivity. However, the stock of plug-in electric cars represented just 1% of all passengers vehicles on the world's roads by the end of 2020, of which pure electrics constituted two-thirds.^[2]

Global cumulative sales of highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles reached 1 million units in September 2015,^[3] 5 million in December 2018,^[4] and passed the 10 million milestone in 2020.^[5] By mid-2022, there were over 20 million light-duty plug-in vehicles on the world's roads.^[6] Sales of plug-in passenger cars achieved a 9% global market share of new car sales in 2021, up from 4.6% in 2020, and 2.5% in 2019.^[2][7][8] The PEV market has been shifting towards fully electric battery vehicles. The global ratio between BEVs and PHEVs went from 56:44 in 2012, to 60:40 in 2015, and rose to 74:26 in 2019.^[9][10] The ratio was to 71:29 in 2021.^[11]

As of June 2022, China had the largest stock of highway legal plug-in passenger cars with 10 million units, 46% of the global fleet in use.^[12] China also dominates the plug-in light commercial vehicle and electric bus deployment, with its stock reaching over 500,000 buses in 2019, 98% of the global stock, and 247,500 electric light commercial vehicles, 65% of the global fleet.^[1]

Europe had about 5.5 million plug-in passenger cars at the end of 2021, accounting for over 32% of the global stock.^[1][13][14] Europe also has the world's second largest electric light commercial vehicle stock, with about 220,000 vans.^[1][15] As of December 2021, cumulative sales in the United States totaled 2.32 million plug-in cars,^[16] with California listed as the largest U.S. plug-in regional market with 1 million plug-in cars sold by November 2021.^[17]

As of December 2021, Germany is the leading European country with 1.38 million plug-in cars registered since 2010.^[18][19] Norway has the highest market penetration per capita in the world,^[20] and also has the world's largest plug-in segment market share of new car sales, 86.2% in 2021.^[21] Over 10% of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads were plug-ins in October 2018, and rose to 22% in 2021.^[22][23] The Netherlands has the highest density of EV charging stations in the world by 2019.^[24]

History

Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs from 2011 to 2022^{[8][9][10][11][25][26]}

The global stock of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) between 2005 and 2009 consisted exclusively of all-electric cars (BEV), totaling about 1,700 units in 2005, and almost 6,000 in 2009. The plug-in stock rose to about 12,500 units in 2010, of which 350 were plug-in hybrids (PHEVs).^[27][28] By comparison, during the Golden Age of the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century, the EV stock peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles.^[29] After the introduction of the Think City, Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt in late December 2010, the first mass-production plug-in electric cars by major manufacturers, plug-in sales grew to about 50,000 units in 2011, to 125,000 in 2012, and almost 213,000 cars and utility vans in 2013. Sales totaled over 315,000 units in 2014, up 48% from 2013.^[30] In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads was a plug-in,^[31] and, by October 2018, 1 in every 10 passenger cars registered in Norway was a plug-in.^[22]

In five years, global sales of highway legal light-duty plug-in vehicles increased more than ten-fold, totaling more than 565,000 units in 2015—an 80% increase from 2014, driven mainly by China and Europe.^[30] About 775,000 plug-in electric cars and vans were sold in 2016, and 1.22 million in 2017—up 57% from 2016—with China accounting for about half of global sales.^[32][33][34] The global market share of the new light-duty plug-in segment reached 1.3% in 2017, up from 0.86% in 2016, and 0.38% in 2014.^[35][36] Global light-duty plug-in vehicle sales passed the 3 million milestone in November 2017^[37] and 5 million at the end 2018.^[4] Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, up 72% from 2017, with a market share of 2.1%.^[8] The BEV:PHEV ratio rose to 69:31 in 2018 and to 74:26 in 2019.^[9][8] By the end of 2019 the stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles totaled about 7.5 million units.^[38] Worldwide sales in 2019 rose to 2,209,831 units with a global market share of 2.5%.^[9] The combined number of PEV and hybrid cars sold in the European Union hit a record in July 2020, accounting for 18% of the total number of passenger cars sold. It also was the first time that more than 200,000 electric cars were sold in a single month.^[39]

Annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in the world's top country and regional markets between 2011 and 2022

Plug-in electric cars in use as a proportion of all passenger cars on the road in selected countries and regional markets at the end of 2022

Countries with the world's highest market share in the plug-in electric car segment in 2022 compared with the market share in countries and regions with the highest sales volume in 2022

Statistics

Sales, market, and usage share

Light-duty plug-in electric vehicle stock, market penetration, annual sales, and market share in the top selling countries and regional markets for latest available year

Country or region	PEV stock/ cumulative sales (2022)[lower-roman 1]	Annual sales (2022)	Market share (2022)	% of cars in use (2022)[lower-roman 2]
China[lower-roman 3]	14,100,000[71]	5,924,421[72]	30.0%[72]	4.9%[71]
Europe[lower-roman 4]	7,800,000[71]	2,602,431[73]	23.0%[73]	2.4%[71]
United States[lower-roman 3]	2,960,000[71]	990,000[71]	7.7%[71]	1.3%[71]
Germany[lower-roman 3]	1,877,721[74]	832,652[75]	31.4%[75]	3.85%[74]
California[lower-roman 3]	1,385,383[76]	343,244[76]	18.7%[76]	3.85% (2021)[77]
France	990,000[71]	346,849[78]	21.6%[79]	2.7%[71]
United Kingdom	950,000[71]	368,617[80]	22.9%[81]	2.8%[71]
Norway[lower-roman 5]	817,471[82]	153,144[83]	87.8%[83]	27.73%[82]
Netherlands[lower-roman 6]	515,838[84]	106,854[84]	34.9%[84]	5.8%[84]
Sweden	440,000[71]	161,649[85]	56.1%[86]	8.8%[71]
Japan[lower-roman 3][lower-roman 7]	410,000[71]	102,000[71]	3.0%[71]	0.6%[71]
Canada[lower-roman 3]	380,000[71]	114,000[71]	9.4%[71]	1.6%[71]
Global total[lower-roman 3]	25,900,000[71]	10,200,000[71]	14.0%[71]	2.1%[71]
Notes ↑ Includes sales or registrations of highway legal light-duty vehicles except where noted ↑ Market penetration is the number of plug-in passenger cars as a percentage of the stock or total number of passenger cars registered. Data for latest available year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Only includes plug-in electric passenger cars ↑ European figures correspond to European Union member countries plus the UK and three EFTA countries (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) as per ACEA ↑ Includes registrations of used imports ↑ Registered light-duty plug-in stock at the end of 2020 (in use) ↑ Kei cars are not included for the Japanese market share estimate

Sales

Light-duty plug-in electric vehicle yearly new sales and end-of-year cumulative sales (or stock)
in the top PEV selling countries and regional markets

Country	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017
	stock	sales	stock	sales	stock	sales	stock	sales	stock	sales
China[lower-roman 1][lower-roman 2]	7,842,668 [87][88]	3,334,000 [87]	4,508,668 [88]	1,246,000 [89]	3,349,100 [1]	1,204,000 [90]	2,243,772 [91][92]	1,016,002 [92][lower-roman 1]	1,227,770 [91]	579,000 [93][lower-roman 1]
United States[lower-roman 1]	2,322,291 [16]	607,567 [16]	1,741,566 [94]	297,939 [94]	1,450,020 [1]	329,528 [95]	1,126,000 [96]	361,307 [96]	764,666 [97][98]	199,818 [96]
Germany[lower-roman 1]	≈1,380,000 [18][19]	681,410 [19]	≈700,000 [18]	394,632 [99]	305,589 [32][100][101][102]	108,839 [102]	196,750 [32][100][101]	67,504 [101]	129,246 [32][100]	54,492 [100]
France	786,274 [103]	315,978 [103]	470,295 [104]	194,881 [104]	275,575 [104]	69,466 [105]	204,617 [52][106][107][108]	53,745 [108]	149,797 [52][106][107]	42,799 [108]
United Kingdom	≈745,000 [109]	305,281 [110]	434,282 [1][111]	175,082 [111]	259,200 [1]	72,584 [112]	197,000 [113]	59,911 [lower-roman 1][114]	137,000[113]	49,182 [lower-roman 1][114]
Norway[lower-roman 3][lower-roman 2]	647,000 [115]	167,949 [116]	480,008 [117]	113,588 [118]	384,066 [119]	88,443 [120]	296,215 [121]	86,290 [122]	209,122 [121]	71,737 [123]
Netherlands[lower-roman 2]	390,454 [124]	95,464 [125]	297,380 [126]	89,362 [127]	207,922 [126]	67,520 [1]	145,882 [126]	29,187 [128]	121,540 [126]	11,085 [128]
Sweden[lower-roman 2]	355,737 [1][129][130]	138,033 [130]	193,054 [1][129]	96,054 [129]	97,000 [1]	41,784 [131]	79,579 [91][132]	29,909 [132]	49,670 [91]	19,793 [132]
Japan[lower-roman 1][lower-roman 4][lower-roman 2]	337,377 [133]	44,296 [133]	297,181 [2]	29,000 [2]	267,415 [2]	43,867 [134]	239,242 [2]	52,013 [135]	205,212 [91]	54,100 [91]
Canada	297,960 [136]	87,700 [136]	209,075 [136]	51,376 [136]	141,100 [1]	50,960 [1]	90,100 [1]	44,150 [1]	45,950 [91]	18,746 [137]
Global total[lower-roman 1]	17.5 million [5][138]	6,754,000 [138]	10.8 million [5][lower-roman 5]	3,240,000 [25][lower-roman 5]	7,167,830 [1]	2,101,680 [1]	5,127,297 [8][91]	2,018,247 [8]	3,109,050 [91]	1,148,700 [91]
Light-duty plug-in cumulative registrations in selected regional markets
Europe (EU+3)[lower-roman 6]	5.67 million [13][14][15][32][139][140][141]	2,332,798 [13][15]	3,336,141 [14][32][139][140][141]	1,403,812 [14]	1,935,010 [32][139][140][141]	588,575 [14][141]	1,346,435 [32][142][140][143]	406,052 [142][143]	940,383 [32][142][140]	302,383 [142][140]
California[lower-roman 1]	1,072,136 [144][145][20][146]	237,618 [144]	834,518 [145][20][146]	132,742 [145]	701,776 [145][20][146]	159,081 [145]	542,695 [20][145]	163,765 [145]	378,930 [20][145]	107,779 [145]
Plug-in vehicle cumulative sales for all class segments in China[147][148][149][150]
China[lower-roman 7] (all class segments)	9,076,447 [87][89][32][90][93][151]	3,521,000 [87]	5,555,447 [89][32][90][93][151]	1,367,000 [89]	4,188,447 [32][90][93][151]	1,204,000 [90]	2,984,447 [32][93][151]	1,256,000 [151]	1,728,447 [32][93]	777,000 [93]
Notes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Only includes plug-in electric passenger cars 1 2 3 4 5 Registered light-duty plug-in stock in use at the end of the year ↑ Includes registrations of used imports ↑ Kei cars are not included for the Japanese market share estimate 1 2 Includes plug-in electric passenger cars and fully electric light-duty commercial vehicles ↑ European figures correspond to European Union member countries plus the UK and three EFTA countries (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) as per ACEA ↑ Includes passenger plug-ins and heavy-duty commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks

Market share

Passenger plug-in market share of total new car sales for selected countries and selected regional markets since 2013^{[lower-roman 1]}

Country	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019 [152]	2018	2017	2016 [20][153]	2015 [154][155]	2014 [156]	2013 [157]
Norway[158]		87.8%	86.2%	74.7%	55.9%	49.1%	39.2%	29.1%	22.4%	13.8%	6.1%
Iceland[159][160][86][161]	64.0%	56.1%	54.7%	45.0%	22.6%	17.2%	11.7%	5.6%	3.6%	2.1%	1.3%
Sweden[162]		56.1%	43.3%	32.2%	11.4%	8.2%	5.2%	3.5%	2.62%	1.53%	0.71%
Denmark[163]	46.1%	38.6%	35.2%	16.4%	4.2%	2%	0.6%	0.6%	2.29%	0.88%	0.29%
Finland[164]		37.5%	30.8%	18.1%	6.9%	4.7%	2.57%	1.2%	—	—	—
Netherlands[165]	44%	34.9%	29.8%	24.6%	14.9%	6.2%	2.2%	6.7%	9.9%	3.87%	5.55%
Germany[166]	24.6%	31.4%	26.0%	13.5%	3.0%	1.9%	1.58%	1.1%	0.73%	0.43%	0.25%
China[167]	37.0%	30.0%	15.0%	5.4%	4.9%	4.2%	2.1%	1.31%	0.84%	0.23%	0.08%
Belgium[168]		26.5%	18.4%	10.7%	3.2%	2.5%	2.7%	1.8%	—	—	—
Switzerland[169]	30.1%	25.9%	22.5%	14.3%	5.5%	3.2%	2.55%	1.8%	1.98%	0.75%	0.44%
United Kingdom[114][170][171][109][81]		22.9%	18.6%	10.7%	2.9%	2.53%	1.86%	1.37%	1.07%	0.59%	0.16%
Ireland[172][173][174]		22.2%	15.7%	7.4%	4.1%	1.57%	0.72%	0.48%	0.46%	0.27%	—
Austria[175][176][177][178][179][71]		22.0%	20.0%	9.5%	3.5%	2.6%	2.06%	1.6%	0.90%	—	—
Portugal[180][181][182][183]	31.8%	21.7%	20.0%	13.5%	5.7%	3.6%	1.9%	—	—	—	—
Romania[184][185]	24.4%	21.7%	15.5%	7.12%	4.18%	2.89%	2.11%	1.03%	0.50%	0.28%	0.34%
France[lower-roman 2][107][108][186][187][79]	26%	21.6%	18.3%	11.2%	2.8%	2.11%	1.98%	1.4%	1.19%	0.70%	0.83%
New Zealand[71][188]	27.2%	19.7%	8.2%	2.8%	2.7%	1.4%	1.0%	0.6%	0.2%	0.1%	—
Spain[189][190][191][192][193][194][195]		9.6%	7.8%	4.8%	1.4%	0.9%	0.6%	0.32%	—	—	—
Canada[137][196][197][136][71]		9.4%	6.6%	3.5%	3.0%	2.2%	0.92%	0.58%	0.35%	0.28%	0.18%
Italy[198][199][200][201]		8.8%	9.3%	4.3%	0.6%	0.26%	0.1%	0.08%	0.09%	0.08%	0.07%
United States[202][16][203][98][204][205][206][207][71]	9.1%	6.8%	4.0%	2.2%	1.9%	2.1%	1.1%	0.90%	0.66%	0.72%	0.60%
Australia[208][209][210][211][212][213][214][71][215]	8.1%	5.1%	2.4%	0.78%	0.6%	0.3%	0.19%	0.12%	0.15%	0.12%	0.026%
Japan[133][2][216][135][217][71]		3.0%	1.0%	0.6%	0.9%	1.0%	1.1%	0.59%	0.68%	1.06%	0.91%
Uruguay[218]		1.9%	1.1%	0.3%	0.4%	—	—	—	—	—	—
Global average[2][8][35][219][220][71]	16.0%	14.0%	8.6%	4.6%	2.5%	2.1%	1.3%	0.86%	0.7%	0.4%	0.3%
California[144][145][221][76]		18.7%	12.8%	8.1%	7.6%	7.6%	4.9%	3.6%	3.1%	3.2%	2.5%
Europe[13][143][175][222][223][224][225][189][73][lower-roman 3]		23.0%	19.0%	11.4%	3.6%	2.5%	1.74%	1.3%	1.41%	0.66%	0.49%
Hong Kong[226][227][228][229]			23.0%	14.0%	5.0%			5.0%	4.84%		0.39%
Notes ↑ Includes only countries with a minimum market share of 1.0% in 2021 ↑ For 2015 and before, the French market share corresponds to combined sales BEV passenger cars and utility vans only (PHEVs not included).[lower-roman 4] ↑ European figures correspond to European Union member countries plus the UK and three EFTA countries (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) as per ACEA Philippe Schwoerer (9 January 2015). "Quel marché espérer en 2015 pour le véhicule électrique ?" [What the market expects in 2015 for the electric vehicle] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 1 February 2015. The BMW i3 with range extender is often excluded of the count of BEV cars because in France it is classified and accounted together with conventional hybrids.

Albania

Albania is considered one of the best countries for emissions for electric cars as it generates all of its electricity from hydroelectric power.^[230][231] Electric cars are currently used by the Albanian Police Force.^[232] The Interior Minister claimed, that the cost of fuel per 100 km (62 mi) would be less than 120 Albanian leke (less than 1 euro).^[232] Saytaxi is the first taxi company in Albania that offers electric vehicles and operates a fast EV (electric vehicles) charging point, and have been operating in the country since 2014. Its goal is to replace 80% of all non-electric cars with electric in the taxi business.^[233]

On 31 October 2017, Tirana became one of the few European capital cities to use electric buses when they tested a Solaris Urbino 12, with the purpose of reducing pollution.^[234] Tirana's goal is to gradually convert 10 to 20 percent of the bus fleet into electric ones.^[234]

Australia

The total stock of electric vehicles in Australia is approximately 21,000 as of 2020.^[235] In May 2021, electric vehicles accounted for 2% of new car sales in Australia, with approximately 5,000 Tesla vehicles sold in the first half of 2021.^[209] However, it has been predicted that approximately 66% of Australians will be driving electric cars by 2030.^[236] Moreover, 56% of Australians would consider an electric car when they next bought a vehicle.^[237] In early 2020, electric vehicle registrations nearly doubled the registrations of the previous year, showing the rapidly increasing popularity of electric vehicles in Australia.^[238] The Tesla Model 3 is Australia's most popular electric vehicle accounting for 70% of EV sales in 2019.^{[239][240][241][242]}

The Labor-led opposition government in Australia in 2019 proposed a 50% electric vehicle target by 2030.^[243] Government analysis in 2019 also forecasted 50% of all new cars sold in Australia by 2035 will be electric on the current path.^[244]

The state of Victoria is Australia's most important electric vehicle market with the highest number of electric vehicle purchases in Australia between 2011 and 2017 with a total of 1,324 car sales.^[245] Victoria also manufactures electric vehicles with a commercial electric vehicle manufacturing facility to be established in 2021, producing 2,400 vehicles per year.^[246]

In March 2021, the Hyundai Nexo became the first fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) to be released in Australia.^[247][248] Coinciding with the release of the Nexo, the first publicly available hydrogen refuelling station in Australia opened the same day in Canberra.^[248]

Austria

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 1677 in 2015 to 6764 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 4913 new BEV were sold, representing 2.8% of the overall sales.^[260]

Belgium

Sales of electric cars rose from 97 units in 2009, to 116 in 2010, 425 in 2011, to 900 in 2012. Of the latter, only 350 units were sold to individuals.^[261] Then, sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 1358 in 2015 to 3647 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 4601 new BEV were sold, representing 1.5% of the overall sales.^[260]

The Belgian government established purchase incentives for BEVs, ending in 2012.^[262] Hybrids were not eligible.^{[263][264][265]} A separate subsidy supported investments in public charging stations.^[263]

Brazil

Nissan Leaf operating as a taxi at Santos Dumont airport as part of a demonstrations program in Rio de Janeiro

Eco Vagas: parking spaces reserved for low emissions vehicles in Brasília.

As of September 2015, 2,214 hybrid and electric vehicles were registered in the state of São Paulo^[266] In March 2013, the first two Leafs were deployed in Rio de Janeiro to operate as taxis.^[267] In September 2014 the BMW i3 became the first EV available for retail customers. As of June 2016, other retail plug-ins were the BMW i8 and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV.^[268]

Plug-ins and hybrids are subject to taxes adding up to more than 120% of the retail price.^{[269][270][271]}

In May 2014 São Paulo City passed a municipal law to exempt EV, hybrids and fuel cell vehicles from the city's driving restriction scheme (see also road space rationing#São Paulo) and purchase incentives.^[266][272]

In April 2018, the city of São José dos Campos ordered 30 electric BYD vehicles for use by the police and government.^[273]

In March 2019, Renault released the Zoe in Brazil, and, in April 2019, Jac released the E40 as the cheapest electric car in Brazil, at R$129.990, Nissan announced the Leaf to be released in Brazil in the first half of 2019

Bulgaria

There were 560 electric motorbikes and 520 electric cars officially registered in Bulgaria by the end of March 2018.^[274] By early 2020 the total number of electric cars in Bulgaria is estimated to be at least 1100.^[275] Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 21 in 2015 to 194 in 2018, with only 6 in 2016. At the first half of 2019, 141 new BEV were sold, representing 0.7% of the overall sales.^[260]

The government does not provide grants for buying electric cars, but at least it does not apply road tax to them. Parking electric vehicles in central urban parking zones is free of charge as well.

In 2012, 'green taxi' hybrid cabs went into service in Sofia.^[276][277] In 2017, test electric buses joined the public transport fleet of Sofia^[278] and in 2018 and 2019, 35 new electric buses went into service.^[279] It is estimated that by 2021, 20% of the bus fleet of Sofia will be electric.^[280] Other cities and towns such as Plovdiv, Pernik and Haskovo are also ordering electric buses.^{[281][282][283]}

The first car sharing company in Bulgaria Spark.bg uses only electric cars and as of August 2020 it has a fleet of around 500 electric vehicles and over 200 available charging stations in Sofia.^[284][285] Courier company Speedy uses 20 electric Renault Kangoo.

Canada

The Chevrolet Volt is the all-time top selling EV in Canada. Shown here is a fleet of Volts at a solar-powered charging station in Toronto.

The stock of plug-in electric passenger cars in Canada in use totaled 141,100 units at the end of 2019, consisting of 78,680 all-electric cars and 62,380 plug-in hybrids.^[1]

Purchase and other incentives for new EVs are offered by the provinces of Quebec^{[286][287][288]} and British Columbia.^[289][290]

In October 2016, Quebec passed legislation that obliges major carmakers to offer an increasing number of PHEV and BEV models, beginning with 3.5% in 2018 and rising to 15.5% in 2020, using a tradable credit system.

China

The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV all-electric car listed as the best selling plug-in car in China in 2021

As of December 2021, China had the world's largest stock of highway legal plug-in passenger cars with 7.84 million units, corresponding to about 46% of the global plug-in car fleet in use. Of these, all-electric cars accounted for 81.6% of the all new energy passenger cars in circulation.^[291] The plug-in car segment achieved a record 15% market share in 2021.^[292] Plug-in passenger cars represent 2.6% of all cars on Chinese roads at the end of 2021.^[291]

Domestically produced cars dominate new energy car sales in China, accounting for about 96% of sales in 2017.^[33][293] Another particular feature of the Chinese passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry level vehicles.^[294]

As of 2019, China also dominated the plug-in light commercial vehicle and electric bus deployment, with its stock reaching over 500,000 buses in 2019, 98% of the global stock, and 247,500 electric light commercial vehicles, 65% of the global fleet. In addition, the country also leads sales of medium- and heavy duty electric trucks, with over 12,000 trucks sold, and nearly all battery electric.^[1] Since 2011, cumulative sales of all classes of new energy vehicles (NEV) totaled 7.4 million at the end of September 2021.^{[89][33][151][295][90][296][297]}

Chile

Mitsubishi i-MiEV in Chile

The Mitsubishi i-MiEV^[298][299] was the first EV in Chile. The first public quick charging station was opened in April 2011.^[300]

In August 2014 Mitsubishi replaced the i-Miev with the Outlander PHEV. Later that year BMW introduced their "i" range with the i3; Renault launched their Zero Emission (Z.E.) lineup, including the Fluence Z.E. sedan, the Kangoo utility van and Zoe city car. The French brand sold 22 electric vehicles in their first month in the Chilean market.

Colombia

The BEV Renault Twizy quadricycle is the top selling electric vehicle in Colombia.

Latin America's first battery electric taxi fleet of 45 vehicles was launched at the beginning of 2013 in Bogotá, the largest electric taxi fleet in South America at the time.^[301] These taxis were exempted from the Pico y placa driving restriction scheme. The program is an effort to improve air quality and set an example.^{[302][303][304]}

The BMW i3 was introduced in Colombia in 2014. The BEV Renault Twizy quadricycle was introduced in the Colombian market in June 2015^[305] and, as of October 2015, 203 Twizys had been sold.^[306] Sales of the Outlander P-HEV were scheduled to begin in September 2015.^[307] Sales of other electric vehicles totaled, as of June 2015, 35 Mitsubishi i-MiEVs (purchased by an electricity company), 25 BMW i3s, 19 Renault Kangoos (corporate purchases), and 4 Nissan Leafs (corporate purchases).^[307]

In 2013 the government established incentives to promote EV adoption. These include the exemption from the driving restriction scheme in place in Colombian cities such as Bogotá and Medellín. The government exempted BEV and PHEV cars from import duties for three years, with an annual quota of 750 cars of each type.^[307]

Costa Rica

Costa Rica led the market share of the all-electric passenger car segment in the Americas in 2022.

Fully electric BMW i3 with special green plates issued in Costa Rica for battery electric vehicles

As of December 2023, Costa Rica had a stock of 9,345 light-duty all-electric vehicles. In addition, the country had a stock of 1,243 all-electric motorcycles.^[308] Registrations of light duty all-electric vehicles totaled 5,177 units in 2023, more than doubling cumulative sales since 2010. The all-electric market share achieved a record 7.75% of all new car sales in 2023.^[308]

The fleet of fully electric passenger cars grew from 94 units in 2010 to 183 in 2017. After the approval of the 2018 law that granted import duty and value added tax exemptions, the fleet grew from 377 units in 2018, to 1,446 in 2020, and reached 8,963 all-electric cars registered by the end of 2023.^[308] Plug-in hybrids and conventional hybrid electric vehicles do not have government financial incentives, therefore they are not included in this statistical data.

The first electric car to go on sale in the country was the REVAi, introduced in March 2009. The REVAi, powered by lead–acid batteries, sold 10 units.^[309] The Mitsubishi i MiEV was launched in February 2011, with initial availability limited to 25 to 50 units.^{[310][311][312]} According to Mitsubishi, Costa Rica was selected at the first market launch in the Americas due to its environmental record, despite the lack of government incentives for purchasing electric cars.^[312][313] The top selling model in 2016 was the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with 60 units.^[314]

Other all-electric and plug-in hybrid cars introduced early in Costa Rica include the BYD Qin (November 2013),^[315][316] Mitsubishi Outlander (March 2015)^[317] and BMW i3 (September 2016).^[318] As of January 2024, over 50 all-electric models are offered in the Costa Rican market, mainly from Chinese and European carmakers.^[308]

Government incentives

All-electric buses on trial as part of a pilot project in Costa Rica

In 2006 electric cars were exempted from the consumption tax, while conventional vehicles faced a 30% rate. In October 2012, electric cars were exempted from San José's driving restrictions.^[319] EVs were exempted from import duties and the government agreed to deploy charging stations in strategic locations in San José.^[320]

In January 2018, the "Law for the Promotion of Electric Transportation" went into effect, which promotes the adoption of electric vehicles through the implementation of incentives and tax exemptions when purchasing an all-electric car. The law grants exemption from three taxes: value added, selective consumption and import duties, 100% for electric vehicles price at US$30,000 CIF, and the exempted percentage is reduced gradually as the value goes up, with a cap of US$60,000. Electric vehicles are also exempt from the annual circulation fee, which phases out by 20% each year during a five-year period.^[321] The price cap was removed in 2022 and each of the tax exemptions gradually increases over a period of 12 years until all phase out.

Croatia

As of December 2016, 2067 electric cars had been sold in Croatia.^[322][323] Of these, 224 were EVs, while the rest were hybrids.^[322] As of September 2017, 201 free public charging stations operated in Croatia.^[322]

In 2014 and 2015, the Croatian government initiated purchase incentives.^[324][325] The subsidies were discontinued in 2016, due to ineffectiveness.^[322]

Czech Republic

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 298 in 2015 to 703 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 360 new BEV were sold, representing 0.3% of the overall sales.^[260]

Denmark

In the late 1980s to early 1990s, a few thousand of the small, one-person and locally produced Ellert were sold in Denmark, but relatively few remain today.^[326] In the following decade, very few electric cars were sold in Denmark, but a clear increase began around 2010.^[327] In 2015, Denmark was the second largest European market for light-duty, plug-in commercial vehicles or utility vans, with over 2,600 plug-in vans sold that year, representing 8.5% of all vans sold. Most vans were plug-in hybrids, accounting for almost all EU plug-in van sales.^[328]

Up to and including 2015, electric cars had been exempt from vehicle registration tax, but it was decided that this would be gradually outphased: In 2016, the vehicle registration tax for electric cars was placed at 20% of the normal rate, in 2017 it was planned to increase to 40% and within five years it would become the full rate. This had a large effect on the sale, which drastically fell in 2016–17.^[329] As a consequence, it was decided that the increase in vehicle registration tax for electric vehicles would be delayed, being capped at 20% of the normal rate in 2017–19, then gradually increasing until 2023 where it would become the full rate. A new fund for fuel cell vehicles was also started.^[330]

In 2020, a new taxation deal was reached, valid for all cars from 2021 to 2030. Its rates depend heavily on the CO₂-emission of the car. This means that vehicle registration tax for all-electric cars (BEVs) that cost less than 510,000 DKK (€68,500) will remain very low with a slower than initially planned gradual increase to normal levels, most plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) will increase from 2021 but remain lower than gasoline and diesel cars, and diesel cars will increase. The goal of this plan is to have at least 775,000 electric cars (BEV or PHEV) by 2030. Combined with other plans, it is the goal to have at least 1 million zero-emission or low-emission cars by 2030 and that no new gasoline or diesel cars will be sold in the country from that year.^[331][332]

As of 31 December 2021, there were a total of 2,781,855 registered cars in Denmark, of which more than 5%, or 144,498, are electric (BEV or PHEV).^[333]

Estonia

Two Mitsubishi i-MiEVs in Estonia. The majority of electric cars in Estonia are i-MiEVs.

As of February 2015, 1,188 plug-in vehicles were registered.

Estonia was the first country to deploy an EV charging network with nationwide coverage, with fast chargers available along highways at a maximum distance of 40 to 60 km (25 to 37 mi).^[337][338] As of December 2012, the nationwide network consisted of 165 fast chargers.^{[339][340][341]}

In 2011, the government confirmed the sale to Mitsubishi of 10 million carbon dioxide credits in exchange for 507 i-MiEV electric cars. The deal included funding 250 fast charging stations and subsidies for the first 500 private buyers of any electric approved by the EU.^[342][343] The first 50 i-MiEVs were delivered in October 2011, for use by municipal social workers.^{[344][345][346][347]}

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 34 in 2015 to 85 in 2018, after a stagnation in 2016 and 2017. At the first half of 2019, 42 new BEV were sold, representing 0.2% of the overall sales.^[260]

Estonia's figures are low compared to other advanced economies, attributed to lack of government incentives after the carbon credit scheme was exhausted.^[348]

Ecuador

The offer and demand for electric vehicles in the South American nation is reduced. Electric charging stations are present in several shopping malls and public parking in Guayaquil, Quito, Cuenca, Ambato and Loja.

In Ecuador, all electric vehicles are exempt from customs duties and taxes starting in June 2019. The electric vehicle offer in the country is set to increase. The Ecuadorean government has been incentivizing the us of electric vehicles with tax cuts. However, both the offer and demand remained short, encouraging the government to eliminate all duties to electric vehicles.

The first commercially available EV was Kia Soul EV 2016. Being at the moment the brand with the most presence of EV in Ecuador. As of 2021 KIA, BYD and Nissan are among the EV brands offering vehicles for the Ecuadorian market.

Europe overview

Evolution of annual registrations of plug-in electric passenger cars in Europe between 2011 and 2021

Europe had about 5.6 million plug-in electric passenger cars and light commercial vehicles in circulation at the end of 2021.^{[1][13][15][25]} As of December 2019, Europe accounted for 25% of the global stock, the second largest after China.^[1] Europe also had the world's second largest electric light commercial vehicle stock after China, with about 220,000 vans.^[1][15]

The 27 Member States of the European Union had 2.24 million plug-in vehicles on the road in 2020, of which plug-in passenger cars represented 94.3%, followed by light commercial vehicles (5.4%), and buses and trucks accounted for 0.3% and 0.03% respectively.^[349] In 2020, and despite the strong decline in global car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in Europe surpassed the 1 million mark for the first time.^[63][64] In addition, Europe outsold China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.^[350][351] In spite of the continued global decline in car sales in 2021 due to the shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the global computer chip shortage, plug-in car sales rose to 2.27 million, up 66% from 2020.^[13]

The plug-in car segment had a market share of 1.3% of new car registrations in 2016, rose to 3.6% in 2019, climbed to 11.4% in 2020, and achieved 19% in 2021.^{[13][189][352][353]} As of December 2021, Germany has the largest stock of plug-ins in Europe, with cumulative sales of 1.38 million plug-in cars registered since 2010,^[18][19] followed by France (786,274),^[103] the UK (~745,000),^[109] Norway (647,000),^[115] and the Netherlands (360,000).^[354] Germany listed as the top selling European country market since 2019.^[1][64]

Finland

As of October 2016, about 2,250 EVs were registered.^[355] Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 243 in 2015 to 776 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 995 new BEV were sold, representing 1.7% of the overall sales.^[260]

In November 2016, the government set the goal of 250,000 plug-in cars and 50,000 biogas cars on the road by 2030.^[355] These goals are part of the Finnish government efforts to comply with the 2015 Paris Agreement.^[355]

Basic charging infrastructure is available all over Finland, used for winter engine pre-warming. Because of its climate – cold winters and warm summers – Finland is considered a convenient "test laboratory" for electric cars.

Many companies in Finland are involved in next-generation vehicle manufacturing, including Valmet Automotive,^[357] Fortum (concept cars and infrastructure), Vacon (electric motor technology production), Ensto (production of charging units), Elcat (electric vehicle production since the 1980s), Raceabout^[358] (specialist electric sport car with very few sales).

Research related to electric cars is in progress at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and Tekes.^[359]

Electric car organizations in Finland include the Electric Vehicle Association of Finland and Electric Vehicles Finland. A non-commercial electric car conversion organization is called Electric Cars – Now!^[360] that converts Toyota Corollas into Li-ion battery-powered electric cars.

France

Registration of light-duty plug-in vehicles in France by type of vehicle between 2010 and 2021

As of December 2021, a total of 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in France since 2010, consisting of 512,178 all-electric passenger cars and commercial vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids.^[103] Of these, around 60,000 were fully electric light commercial vehicles.^[1][104]

The Renault Zoe has led electric car sales in France since 2013, and is the country's all-time best selling plug-in with more than 100,000 units registered through June 2020.^[361]

A record of 315,978 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2021, up 62% from 2020, and the light-duty segment's market share rose to 15.1% in 2021.^[103] The plug-in electric passenger car segment achieved a market share of 18.3% in 2021.^[187]

Germany

Annual registration of plug-in cars in Germany by type of vehicle between 2010 and 2021

The stock of plug-in electric vehicles in Germany is the largest in Europe; there were 1,184,416 plug-in cars in circulation on 1 January 2022, representing 2.5% of all passenger cars on German roads, up from 1.2% the previous year.^[362][363] As of December 2021, cumulative sales totaled 1.38 million plug-in passenger cars since 2010.^[18][19] Germany had a stock of 21,890 light-duty electric commercial vehicles in 2019, the second largest in Europe after France.^[1] As of March 2020, the country had 27,730 public charging stations.^[364]

Germany listed as the top selling plug-in car market in the European continent in 2019 and achieved a market share of 3.10%.^[139][102] Despite the global decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, the segment market share achieved a record 13.6% in 2020.^[99] with a record volume of 394,632 plug-in passenger cars registered in 2020, up 263% from 2019, Germany listed for a second year running as the best selling European plug-in market.^[104][99] Both years, the German market led both the fully electric and plug-in hybrid segments.^[104] The only country that outsold Germany in 2020 was China.^[350] Sales in 2021 surged to 681,410 rechargeable units, capturing a record market share of 26.0%.^[19]

The Smart electric drive led the plug-in electric car segment in Germany until 2013.^[365]

Under its National Platform for Electric Mobility, Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2010 set the goal of putting one million electric vehicles on German roads by 2020.^[366][367] Initially, the government did not provide subsidies in favor of research.^[366] The Bundestag passed the Electric Mobility Act in March 2015 that authorized local government to grant non-monetary incentives. The measures privilege battery-powered cars, fuel cell vehicles and some PHEVs, by granting local governments the authority to offer additional incentives.^{[368][369][370][371]}

An incentive scheme was approved in April 2016 including purchase subsidies, charging stations and another federal government fleet purchases, with a target of 400,000 electric vehicles. Premium cars, such as the Tesla Model S and BMW i8, were not eligible.^{[372][373][374]} To meet the climate targets for the transport sector, in 2016 the government set the goal to have from 7 to 10 million plug-in electric cars on the road by 2030, and 1 million charging points available in Germany also by 2030.^[375]

As a result of the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government approved in June 2020 an economic recovery plan which included €8 billion to promote electric vehicle adoption and deployment of charging infrastructure.^[376] The purchase bonus for electric cars was raised from €6,000 to €9,000 up until the end of 2021, the highest economic incentive in any European country, but the subsidy is available only for cars costing less than €40,000. Also, other tax incentives for electric vehicles were introduced since 2020.^[375][376] Later, the government decided to keep the €9,000 bonus for the purchase of new all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids until the end of 2025.^[377] The original one million goal was achieved in July 2021.^[378]

Greece

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 35 in 2015 to 190 in 2019.^[260] At the first three-quarters of 2020, 292 new BEVs and 590 new PHEVs were sold.^[379]

In June 2020, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced the government's plan to support the adoption of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) by individuals and corporations, with the aim for one-in-three new vehicles in Greece to be electric by 2030. The plan includes purchase subsidizing, exemption from the road tax and any parking fees, as well as incentives for setting up charging stations, for pure electric private passenger cars and motorbikes, as well as for pure electric or plug-in hybrid taxis and light commercial vehicles. The government's subsidy covers the purchase of new BEVs and PHEVs with a total of 100 million euros for 18 months in the first phase, which is estimated to cover 25% of the cost of about 14.000 new electric vehicles.^{[381][382][383]}

The government will subsidize the purchase of each new electric vehicle, covering 15% of its cost (up to €5.500) for private passenger and light commercial vehicles, 20% of the cost (up to €800) for motorbikes and 25% of the cost (up to €8.000) for taxis. Vehicle owners that will concurrently retire their old vehicle will receive an additional bonus of up to €2.500.^[384] Furthermore, expenses for charging the electric car will be exempt from taxable income. The benefit for each new electric car, if combined with the ecological bonus and the relevant tax exemptions, will approach 10.000 euros.^{[381][382][383]}

Hong Kong

As of June 2023 the total is 60,943 EVs. At present, 240 EV models from 16 economies have been type-approved by the Transport Department. These include 187 models for private cars and motorcycles and 53 models for public transport and commercial vehicles.^[385]

As of December 2017, 10,666 plug-in vehicles were registered in Hong Kong.^[386] March 2017 saw 2,964 EVs registered in one month before first registration tax exemption was repealed. 2,939 of these cars were Tesla Model S and X.

Tesla Roadster charging at Central Star Ferry carpark in Hong Kong

As of September 2016, 6,298 plug-in vehicles were on the roads in Hong Kong,^[387] up from 3,253 in October 2015.^[388] The plug-in segment market share achieved 4.8% of new car sales in Hong Kong in 2015.^[387]

As of October 2015, more than 1,200 public electric vehicle charging points were available.^[388] More than a dozen models were available for retail customers.^[388]

Sales of electric cars took off in Hong Kong with the Tesla Model S in 2014.^[389][390] The tax waiver made the Model S competitive in the luxury car segment, at about half the price of other high-end models.^[389] According to Tesla, as of September 2016, Hong Kong had the world's highest density of Tesla superchargers, giving most Model S owners a supercharger within a 20-minute drive.^[391]

The Government offered purchase incentives to consumers, businesses and service providers were available from 2011 to 2017. The Government further allocated HK$180 million for bus companies to purchase 36 electric buses.^[388]

Hungary

In November 2018, 8,482 PEVs were registered in Hungary. The Hungarian government introduced its e-mobility plan in March 2014. The Jedlik plan supported the domestic production of electric vehicles, expanding the necessary infrastructure and promoting the purchase of EVs with public incentives,^[392] including 1.5 million HUF, initiated at the end of 2016.

Sales of new passenger cars categorized as battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 115 in 2015 to 4837 in 2020.^[260]

Iceland

The plug-in car segment in Iceland reached 5.37% of all new vehicles registered in 2016, allowing the country to rank second in Europe after Norway that year.^[393] Registrations of new plug-in electric cars totaled 2,990 units in 2017, up 157% from the previous year. The segment's market share achieved a record 14%, globally, second only to Norway.^[394] The top selling plug-ins in 2017 were the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with 884 units and the Nissan Leaf with 524.^[394] In 2018, 284 new BEV units were sold and 423 in the first half of 2019, representing 5.8% of the overall new cars sales.^[260]

The government eliminated VAT (24%) and CO₂-based fees (up to 65%) on new car purchases for EVs.^[395]

As of 2017, Orka Náttúrunnar (ON) was working to complete a network of 50 kW CCS Combo/CHAdeMO stations along the Ring Road. Tesla opened its first supercharger in Reykjavík in December 2019, with 4 more planned around Iceland in 2020.^[396]

Tesla started delivery in Iceland on 28 February 2020 and was quickly the number 1 new electric car sold in Iceland.^[397] As of March 2020 passenger plug-in market share of total new car sales for the year 2020 has reached 55%.

India

As of March 2022, over 28000 plug-in cars were registered until Mar 2022 out of a total of 1 million registered electric vehicles (including 2 and 3 wheelers and commercial 4 wheelers). The Indian government has Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicles (FAME) scheme which provides incentives for purchasing electric vehicles.^[398][399] Indian government has reduced GST rate on EVs from 12% to 5% in the Union Budget 2019 to encourage electric vehicles. The Indian government gives an additional tax benefit of Rs 150,000 on the interest paid on loans taken to buy EVs.^[400][401] The EVs in India are exempted from paying road tax for vehicle registration.^[402]

The number of electric vehicles in India is 13,34,385 (excluding data of Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Lakshadweep, which is not available in VAHAN 4) as on 14 July 2022 and a total of 2,826 public charging stations are operational in the country, as per the Bureau of Energy Efficiency.^[403]

Indonesia

Wuling Air EV

The government supported some trial models made by Tucuxi. Conversion of some vehicles to electric drivetrains was introduced during the APEC Meeting in October 2013. In 2019, Hyundai sold officially car,Hyundai Ioniq. In 2022, the local production for Hyundai Ioniq 5 is started. Also Wuling Motors sold the most affordable electric car in Indonesia, named Wuling Air EV.

Electric car sales rose to 15,437 units in 2022, up almost fourfold from 2021.^[404]

Ireland

Sales of electric cars in Ireland increased more than four times in 2014 from a low base.^[405] Then, sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 466 in 2015 to 1233 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 1954 new BEV were sold, representing 2.4% of the overall sales.^[260]

The government committed to making 10% of all vehicles by 2020 (a projected 230,000 vehicles).^[406] Government officials reached agreements with French car maker Renault and its partner Nissan. As of September 2014, purchase incentives became available.^[407]

As of the start of 2020, Electric Vehicles (EVs) was as a proportion of all cars for sale in Ireland very small, which could be seen in a snapshot (7 February 2020) of four different car sales websites (Autotrader.ie, Carsireland.ie, Carzone.ie, and Donedeal.ie) which showed that out of circa 38,000 to 70,000 cars listed for sale, only circa 0.7% to 1.1% were EV's, so in real terms only 431–616 EV cars were advertised for sale in the market.

This very low level of EVs compared poorly to the circa 25,338 to 46,940 diesel cars shown available for sale on the same date, representing a much larger, circa 64–67% of the market at that time.

The Irish Government (to January 2020) had stated an aim to ban the sale of petrol, diesel and hybrid new ('non-electric') cars from 2030 (compared to the proposed EU ban by 2040, and the UK's proposed ban on the sale of new petrol, diesel and hybrid cars from 2035 as announced in the first week of February 2020) though car dealers were reported in 2020 to consider the Irish Government's target for one million electric and plug-in hybrid cars to be in use by 2030, as far too ambitious, though Government grants of up to €10,000 also available (as of 2020)(The Irish Times, 7 February 2020). It was also reported (The Irish Times, 7 February 2020) in the Irish newspapers in February 2020 that there were at that time about 1,200 electric car (EV) charging points in Ireland, but that this was compared to Norway, the European leader in EV transition, with approximately 12,000 charging stations for circa 300,000 EVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV).

A compromise in terms of transition and non-electric ban implementation around 2030 maybe for acceptance also of Hybrid cars with smaller conventional petrol engines (regardless of whether the vehicles are 'full' or 'mild' hybrids) of for example at/ less than 1.6-liter (1600 cc) capacity, and/ or say less circa 100 g/km CO₂ or less in terms of emissions, or a good fuel efficiency rating (L/100 km ) for highway/extra urban and 'combined' journeys.

Israel

Italy

BMW i3 patrol car of the Italian police at Vatican City

As of December 2020, almost 100,000 plug-in passenger cars were registered in Italy, consisting of 55,307 BEV cars and 44,231 PHEVs.^[408] In addition, there were 6,315 light-duty commercial vehicles.^[408] At the end of 2020, plug-in passenger cars represented just 0.3% of all cars on Italian roads.^[408]

The top EV in 2015 was the Nissan Leaf (390 units sold).^[409] About 10,000 electric vehicles^[410] were sold in Italy in 2018, double the 2017 number of about 5,000.^[411]

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 1442 in 2015 to 4996 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 5040 new BEV were sold, representing 0.5% of the overall sales.^[260]

The government discontinued incentives in 2014 amid a limited public charging infrastructure and tepid reception. Further, many Italian houses were equipped with electric contracts allowing only 3 kW of peak consumption, making home charging of electric cars impractical.^{[412][413][414]}

Japan

The Nissan Leaf is the top selling plug-in car in Japan ever, with close to 140,000 units sold by February 2020.^[415]

As of December 2020, Japan had a stock of plug-in passenger cars of 293,081 units on the road, consisting of 156,381 all-electric cars and 136,700 plug-in hybrids.^[416] The fleet of electric light commercial vehicles in use totaled 9,904 units in 2020.^[416]

Sales totaled 24,690 units in 2016, rose to 54,100 in 2017, and then declined to 49,750 in 2018, and fell to 38,900 in 2019.^[1] The segment market share declined from 0.68% in 2014 to 0.59% in 2016, and recovered to 1.1% in 2017.^{[1][217][216]} The decline in plug-in sales reflects the governmental and domestic carmaker decision to promote hydrogen fuel cell vehicles instead.^[417][418] The market share further fell to 0.7% in 2019 and 0.6% in 2020.^[416]

In May 2009 the Japanese Diet passed the "Green Vehicle Purchasing Promotion Measure".^[419] The program provided purchasing subsidies for cars, mini and keis, trucks and buses, including an extra subsidy for purchases trading in a sufficiently old used car.^[419][420] The program ended on 31 March 2010.^[421][422] The Japanese electric vehicle charging infrastructure climbed from 60 public stations in 2010 to 1,381 in 2012.^[423]

Mitsubishi introduced multiple plug-in vehicles: the Mitsubishi i MiEV in 2009,^[423][424] the Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV in 2011,^[425] a truck version of the Minicab MiEV^[426] and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV in 2013.^[427] The Nissan Leaf launched in 2010.^[428][429] The Toyota Prius PHEV was released in January 2012.^[430]

The Leaf is Japan's all-time bestselling plug-in car, with about 140,000 units delivered by February 2020.^[415] Prius PHEV sales since inception totaled about 61,200 units up to December 2018.^[431][135] As of March 2018, the Outlander PHEV had sold 42,451 units.^[432] Sales of the Outlander PHEV fell sharply from April 2016 as a result of Mitsubishi's fuel economy scandal.^[433]

Kosovo

There have not been much effort in by Kosovo of using Plug-in electric vehicles. However ProCredit Bank, Kosova, became the first institution in Kosovo to use electric vehicles, by buying 10 new Mitsubishi i-MiEV vehicles.^[434] In 2017, six teens in the city Gjakova, from BONEVET makerspace, became the first European teenager group to build an electric car out of a Renault Twingo, transforming it from a petrol-fueled car to a fully functional electric car.^{[435][436][437][438]}

Latvia

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 17 in 2015 to 73 in 2018. At the first quarter of 2019, 46 new BEV were sold, representing 0.4% of the overall sales.^[260]

Lithuania

As of 1 July 2018, 806 EVs were registered. Registrations were led by Nissan (50%). Also 11,198 hybrids registered in Lithuania by 1 July 2018. Registrations were led by Toyota (64%).^[439]

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 37 in 2015 to 143 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 75 new BEV were sold, representing 0.3% of the overall sales.^[260]

Luxembourg

Malaysia

Malta

Mexico

A Nissan Leaf charging at a public charge station in Colonia Condesa, Mexico City

In October 2009 Nissan reached an agreement with the Mexico City government, purchasing 500 Leafs for use of government and corporate fleets. In exchange, recharging infrastructure was to be deployed by the city government.^[440][441] The first 100 Leafs (destined for the taxi fleet) were delivered in 2011.^{[442][443][444]}

As of February 2013, about 70 Leafs were deployed as taxis, 50 in Aguascalientes and 20 in Mexico City.^[445][446]

Retail Leaf sales began in June 2014.^[447] Retail deliveries of the BMW i3 began 2014.^[448][449]

The second generation Volt^[450] and Tesla Model S began in 2015.^[451]

As of October 2012, no government purchase incentives were available. However, electric cars are exempted from Mexico City's driving restriction scheme Hoy No Circula.^[446]

Nepal

A Mahindra e2o in Nepal

There are 45,000 electric vehicles running in Nepal as of 2019.^[452] Nepal is one of the best countries to buy an EV. Electric cars are actually a better deal in Nepal due to following reasons:

1. Extremely low import tax compared to fossil fuel vehicle. (238% for fuel and 10% for electric)
2. Hydropower makes it clean energy. (91% of the electricity comes from hydro in Nepal)
3. No fossil fuel production. (Nepal imports fossil fuels and the prices are usually high)

Although detailed information is not available, over 50% of the cars sold in Nepal in 2022 were electric.^[453]

Netherlands

Stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles on the road in the Netherlands (2011–2021)

As of 31 December 2021, there were 390,454 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands, consisting of 137,663 fully electric cars, 243,664 plug-in hybrid cars, and 9,127 light duty plug-in commercial vehicles.^[124] The fleet in circulation of plug-in electric passenger cars represented 4.3% of all passenger cars in Dutch roads at the end of 2021, up from 3.1% in 2020.^[124]

The plug-in market share declined from 9.9% in 2015, to 6.7% in 2016, and fell to 2.6% in 2017. After several adjustments in the financial incentives and tax code to favor the purchase of all-electric vehicles, the market share rose to 14.9% in 2019, 24.6% in 2020, and achieved 29.8% in 2021, now with dominance of battery electric vehicle sales since 2019.^[124][126]

A Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV in Amsterdam

From 1 January 2016, all-electric vehicles continue to pay a 4% registration fee, but for a plug-in hybrids the fee rises from 7% to 15% if its CO₂ emissions do not exceed 50 g/km. The rate for a conventional internal combustion car is 25% of its book value.^[454][455]

The Dutch government set a target of 15,000 electric vehicles in 2015, 200,000 in 2020 and 1 million in 2025.^[456] The government exempted selected vehicles from registration fee and road taxes.^{[457][458][459]} The exemption from the registration tax ended in 2013.^[460] Battery electric vehicles have special access to parking spaces in Amsterdam, queues for which can otherwise reach up to 10 years.^[461] Free charging is offered in public parking spaces.^[462]

Other factors contributing to the rapid adoption of plug-in electric vehicles are the Netherlands' small size, which reduces range anxiety; a long tradition of environmental activism; high gasoline prices (US$8.50 per gallon as of January 2013); and some EV leasing programs that provide free or discounted gasoline-powered vehicles for covering long distances.^[462]

New Zealand

As of December 2021, about 35,300 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in New Zealand. The majority of the fleet consists of used imports from Japan and the most popular used model is the Nissan Leaf with 13,900 registered. The country's most popular new EV is the Tesla Model 3 with 3,800 registrations.^[464]

The target set in 2016 for New Zealand to have 64,000 electric vehicles in the country by the end of 2021 was not achieved, although by 2020 there were more EVs in New Zealand than Australia, despite Australia having five times the population of New Zealand.^[465] The government agency EECA have forecasted 60,000 – 136,000 EVs in the NZ fleet by 2023^[466] and other projections suggest New Zealand will reach 100% electric vehicle sales by 2030.^[467]

Electric vehicle charger in New Zealand

The New Zealand Government launched an Electric Vehicle Programme in May 2016^[468] to encourage EV uptake and added a Clean Car Discount in June 2021.^[469] Electric vehicles in New Zealand are exempt from road user charges until at least 31 March 2024,^[468] and attract the Clean Car Discount when first registered in the country.^[469] In 2022, New Zealand enacted strict CO₂ target legislation on vehicle importers for the period 2023–2027, and imposed charges on the purchase of high CO₂ emission cars, which will accelerate electric vehicle adoption.

Norway

Registration of PEVs in Norway by year between 2006 and 2021. Includes PHEVs and BEV cars and vans. Used imports are included.

Distribution of the Norwegian stock of passenger cars in use by type of fuel or powertrain at the end of July 2023^[23]

As of 31 December 2021, the stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Norway totaled 647,000 units in use, consisting of 470,309 all-electric passenger cars and vans (including used imports), and 176,691 plug-in hybrids.^[115]

Norway's fleet of electric cars is one of the world's cleanest, because 99% of its power comes from hydropower (see also renewable energy in Norway).^[470][471] Norway has the world's largest EV ownership per capita.^[472]

The plug-in electric passenger car segment captured a market share of 29.1% in 2016,^[473] 39.2% in 2017,^[123] 49.1% in 2018,^[122] rose to 55.9% in 2019,^[120] 74.7% in 2020,^[118] and achieved 86.2% in 2021.^[21] In January 2017 the electric-drive segment surpassed combined conventional internal combustion engine sales for the first time ever, achieving a combined market share of 51.4% of new car sales.^[474][475] In October 2018, Norway became the first country where 1 in every 10 passenger cars registered was a plug-in electric vehicle.^[22][476] As of 30 September 2022, plug-in electric cars represented 25% of all passenger cars in circulation in Norway.^[23]

The following table shows sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) and the segment market share:

*Note: these figures are for registrations of new zero-emission passenger cars (ZEVs) so it includes a few FCVs

Norway was the first country in the world to have all-electric cars ranking as the best selling passenger car model of the year, and for two consecutive years. First, the Nissan Leaf, with 12,303 units registered in 2018, ended as the country's best selling new passenger car model, marking the first time an electric car tops annual sales of the passenger car segment.^[479][480] Thereafter, the Tesla Model 3 topped annual passenger car sales in 2019 with 15,683 units registered.^[481][482] Also, in March 2019, the Model 3, with over 5,300 units delivered, set the all-time record for monthly sales of a single passenger car model.^[482] Another record was set in 2018 and repeated in 2019, as the top 5 best selling passenger car models in both years were all plug-in electric models.^{[479][480][481]}

Pakistan

Dynasty IT was bought by Karakoram Motors of Pakistan, and now it is manufactured in Pakistan.^[496]

Pakistan already has a significant market for hybrid vehicles with the Honda Vezel, Toyota Prius, Toyota Aqua, and other models seen on the roads. The Automotive Development Policy (2016–2021) and the launch of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) are encouraging foreign investments for the new automobile brands to enter Pakistani market, while the leading manufacturers in the automobile industry in Pakistan are now introducing EV models with a wide range of prices which target consumers of diverse income groups.^[497] Several members of the international automobile industry including South Korea, China, and Japan also believe that Pakistan has a

In January 2017, Dewan Motors with BMW inaugurated Pakistan's first public charging station for electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in Emporium Mall, Lahore. Dewan Motors had installed another station for plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles at Dolmen Mall in Karachi in February 2017.^[498][499] Rahmat Group has acquired 25 acres of land to establish Electrical Complex at Nooriabad to produce electric vehicles. At the initial stage, the group will produce electric buses to tap the transport market, and in the second phase, a manufacturing plant would be established at the complex to produce electric cars and two-wheelers.^[500]

On 2017, Jolta International had created the first locally manufactured electric motorcycle. The company is based just outside of Bahria Town Rawalpindi, and showcased three Jolta Chargeable Electrical Motorcycles in Gwadar.^[501][502]

Leading automobile manufacturers, including Super Power Motorcycles, have started introducing EV models. Neon, a Pakistan-based motorcycle assembler, has introduced an all-electric Neon M3 motorbike in Pakistan. The sports bike comes with emission free and noiseless features. Neon also assembles Electric scooters in Pakistan.^[503]

Philippines

The country's first electric car was launched at Silliman University by Insular Technologies in August 2007.^[504][505] In some major cities such as Makati, electric Jeepneys (e-jeepneys) are used as well as electric tricycles (e-tricycles). The Philippine Public Utility Modernization Program (PUVMP) aims to employ around 100,000 e-tricycles annually and 200,000 e-jeepney in the next six years.^[506]

The Eagle G-Car is a Philippine BEV car (at a cost as low as $3,000-$6,000).^[507] E-Jeepneys were a venture of Renewable Independent Power Producer Inc., which sprang from Greenpeace and other groups, and Solarco, which in turn is a part of GRIPP.^[508]

During a demonstration at Nanyang Technological University on 7 February 2018, Nissan Philippines' president and managing director Ramesh Narasimhan has announced that they would like to bring the Leaf to the Filipino market.^[509]

Poland

A Mitsubishi i-MiEV charging at a charging station

In 2009, Poland began developing charging station infrastructure in Gdańsk, Katowice, Kraków, Mielec and Warsaw with EU funds. In November 2017 an electric car sharing network opened in Wrocław. The fleet is based on 2013 model of Nissan Leaf.

The biggest organization in Poland in the area of electric vehicles is Klaster Green Stream.^[510] The Polish company 3xE – samochody elektryczne (3xE – electric cars) offer electric vehicle conversions of small city cars such as the Smart ForTwo, Citroën C1, Fiat Panda, Peugeot 107, Audi A2. The converted cars have a range of about 100 km (60 mi), using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO
₄) batteries and brushless DC electric motors.^[511]

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 70 in 2015 to 620 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 947 new BEV were sold, representing 0.3% of the overall sales.^[260]

Portugal

As of December 2019, there were 29,700 plug-in passenger cars in use in Portugal. Of these, 15,980 were fully electric cars and 13,720 were plug-in hybrids.^[1] The market share rose from 0.8% in 2016 to 3.7% in 2018, and achieved 5.7% in 2019.^[1]

In 2015, the stock of EVs was about 2,000, consisting of 1,280 BEV cars and 720 PHEVs. EV sales totaled 1,305 units in 2015, up 260% from 2014. The top selling model was the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (229).^[512] Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 645 in 2015 to 4073 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 3905 new BEV were sold, representing 3.0% of the overall sales.^[260]

In 2009, Portugal worked with Renault and Nissan to create a national charging network.^[513]

In 2010, the government offered purchase incentives for the first 5,000 EVs and a separate scrappage incentive.^[514] EVs were exempted from the vehicle registration tax.^[265] These incentives were discontinued at the end of 2011.^[515]

Romania

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 24 in 2015 to 605 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 456 new BEV were sold, representing 0.6% of the overall sales.^[260]

As of June 2019, over 3,000 EVs were registered. Registrations were led by the Renault Zoe. The government offered purchase incentives of 4200 euro (20000 RON) for a PHEV and 8400 euro (40000 RON) for BEV, although yearly capped (but not reached) and limited in time due to a yearly approval.

Russia

As of July 2022, 18.7 thousand EVs were registered.^[518]

The local governments try to increase the usage of electrocars (e.g. by removing taxes^[519][520])

Serbia

As of September 2019, 148 EVs were registered. Serbia has a network of over 30 charging stations (including 5 that are solar powered & 2 Tesla Super Chargers) with more planned for construction.^[521][522] In 2020, Serbia introduced new purchase & tax incentives for EVs & Hybrids offering up to 5000 euros to help accelerate electrification.^[523] Serbia is also home to about 10% of global Lithium reserves, the mining & processing of which will be done in partnership with Rio Tinto who have committed $1.5 billion of investment in the country.^[524] The government is currently looking to use this resource to produce a major EV battery plant & Rio Tinto is helping locate a strategic partner for this venture.^[525]

Singapore

BYD e6 electric taxi in Singapore

As of January 2021, there were 1,274 electric cars in Singapore, out of a total car population of 636,483 units (0.2%).^[526] Adoption has been slowed due to high purchase prices, lack of public charging infrastructure and unclear national policies. As of October 2016, 74 public charging stations were operating.^[387]

Until 2020, the government offered purchase incentives, although the country's taxation scheme made EVs more expensive than a conventional car. Electric cars faced a carbon surcharge and a scrap rebate, along with the annual road tax.^[387] In February 2021, the government announced the Singapore Green Plan 2030, which set the goals of deploying 60,000 charging points by 2030, new monetary purchase incentives, and for all new car registrations to be cleaner-energy models by the same year.^[526]

As of October 2016, there were 129 electric cars registered, with the BMW i3 and i8 range being the highest selling brand.^[387] In February 2017, Singapore had the largest fleet of electric taxis in Southeast Asia, with 100 vehicles from BYD.^[527] By December 2018, there were 466 fully electric cars registered in Singapore, 0.08% of the total car stock, and 357 plug-in hybrids, 0.06%.^[528]

Slovakia

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 52 in 2015 to 309 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 95 new BEV were sold, representing 0.2% of the overall sales.^[260]

Slovenia

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 288 in 2017 to 467 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 264 new BEV were sold, representing 0.7% of the overall sales.^[260] In 2021 1689 electric cars have been sold, which represents 3.2% of the overall market share.^[529]

South Africa

As of December 2015, about 290 plug-in cars were registered, all in 2015.^[27] The Nissan Leaf was introduced in October 2013. As of January 2018, this number has increased to 375, 0.2% of all registered vehicles.

GridCars is a Pretoria-based company promoting Commuter Cars, based on the TREV from Australia. The concept is to build ultra-light EVs, lessening demand on battery requirements, and making the vehicle more affordable.^[530] The Joule, designed by Cape Town-based failed start-up Optimal Energy,^[531] was announced at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, with a maximum range of 300 km (190 mi).^[532]

The country has a 45% tax on electric vehicles which discourages their import.^[533] New internal combustion engine vehicles face a surcharge based on engine capacity.^[534]

South Korea

As of December 2020, South Korea had 92,400 plug-in passenger cars in circulation, of which, 84,070 were fully electric cars (91%).^[1] At the end of 2019, the country had 9,187 public slow and fast chargers.^[1]

As of 2014, all electric models on sale were manufactured by local firms. The top selling models during 2015 were the Kia Soul EV (657) and the Samsung SM3 Z.E. (640).^[536] The Hyundai Ioniq Electric was released in July 2016.^[537]

The government offers a purchase subsidy for electric cars. Starting in 2016, the EV purchase tax surcharge was reduced, although EV drivers see various fees.^[538]

As of October 2016, about 7,200 plug-in cars had been sold.^[27][539] 2,896 EVs were sold during the first ten months of 2016, up 12% year-on-year.^[539] By 2018 there were a total of 59,600 electric cars on Korean streets. Nearly 34,000 electric vehicles have been sold in 2018 in Korea. The market share of battery-electric and plugin-electric vehicles in Korea was 2.21%.

Spain

EV registrations in Spain by year between 2010 and 2017

The stock of plug-in cars reached almost 6,000 plug-in as of 2015, consisting of 4,460 BEV cars and 1,490 PHEVs.^[27] The top selling model in 2015 was the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (389).^[540]

3,129 EVs were sold in Spain during the first three-quarters of 2016. Sales continued to grow at an accelerated pace, up 79% from the same period in 2015.

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 1342 in 2015 to 5984 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 5452 new BEV were sold, representing 0.8% of the overall sales.^[260] For the whole 2019, the sales came to 1.4% of all new registrations.

In 2011 the national government initiated EV purchase incentives.^[541] Aragón, Asturias, Baleares, Madrid, Navarra, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia, Castile and León offered additional incentives.^[265]

Sri Lanka

As of September 2015, 2,072 electric cars had been registered, led by the Nissan Leaf. EV sales experienced a record month in September 2015 with 471 units registered, up from only 15 in September 2014.^[542]

Sales of the Nissan Leaf began in 2013.^[543]

No government incentives promote EVs. Electric vehicle tax increased from 5% to 50% through the new government's Interim Budget.

Sweden

EV registrations in Sweden by year between 2011 and 2021

As of December 2021, a total of 355,737 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered since 2011, consisting of 226,731 plug-in hybrids, 120,343 all-electric cars and 8,663 all-electric utility vans.^{[544][545][546][547][548][549][550][131][129][130]}

The Swedish market is dominated by plug-in hybrids, representing 74.9% of plug-in car registrations through 2017, but began to decline thereafter, reaching 70.3% in 2020, and 57.5% in 2021.^[545][129] Passenger plug-ins increased their market share from 3.5% in 2016 to 5.2% in 2017, rose to 11.3% in 2019, to 32.2% in 2020, and achieved a record take rate of 45.0% in 2021.^{[131][545][129][130]}

As of December 2017, the Outlander PHEV continues to rank as the all-time top selling plug-in electric car with 9,957 units registered.^[551] As of December 2016, the Renault Kangoo Z.E. continued as the all-time the leader in the commercial utility EV segment with 1,024 units.^{[544][546][548][549]}

Effective January 2012 Sweden offered subsidies for the purchase and operation of 5,000 electric cars and other "super green cars" with low/no carbon emissions.^[457][552] The program was belatedly renewed through 2015^[550] and again for 2016 with the addition of subsidies for electric buses.^[553]

Switzerland

As of April 2016, over 12,000 EVs had been registered since 2012.^[554]

Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 3257 in 2015 to 5139 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 5938 new BEV were sold, representing 3.8% of the overall sales.^[260]

Deliveries of the Mitsubishi i MiEV.^[555] the Nissan Leaf were launched in 2011.^[556][557]

The government offers no subsidies or incentives for purchasing EVs.^[558] Cantons can propose special discounts on annual taxes depending on the car's efficiency label and range from 100% rebate (e.g. Solothurn) to 0%.^[559]

Taiwan

Taiwan has a plan to ban all non-electric vehicles in the coming decades, due to concerns over air quality. The plan calls for all new government vehicles and public buses to be electric by 2030, ban sales of nonelectric motorcycles by 2035, and ban sales of nonelectric four-wheel vehicles by 2040.^[560]

In 2014 a local taxi association purchased over 1,500 BYD electric minivans.^[561]

Thailand

Turkey

In 2019, 0.1% of cars sold in Turkey were hybrid or electric.^[562]

Ukraine

In November 2018 EV imports were almost 250% those of November 2017.^[563]

The Ukrainian Government passed a 2019 budget law which extended existing 2018 tax privileges for plug-in cars until 2023.^[564] Both new and second hand plug-in BEVs (without gasoline range extenders) may be imported free of VAT, import duty and excise duty. As a consequence of the law, new cars like for example the Tesla Model 3 can be purchased for a lower price than in any other country in Europe.^[565] This has stimulated demand in 2018 and the trend will most likely continue through 2019.

As of 1 January 2019, a total of 19,884 plug-in cars and conventional hybrids are registered in Ukraine, consisting of 10,714 plug-ins and 9,170 hybrids.^[566] Over the year 2018, the number of electric vehicles increased by 73% (5,557 cars).^[567] The EV market share of total new and used cars first registered during 2018 was 2.8% based on 5,557 out of a total of 198,600 first registered cars.^[568]

7,542 vehicles were registered in this country over 2019. The market of commercial electric vehicles grew even more – by one and a half times. The most popular electric vehicle in Ukraine is Nissan Leaf. Last year, 3,217 vehicles of this particular model joined the car pool in this country. Tesla Model S comes second, with 623 car owners in Ukraine. Third place belongs to Volkswagen e-Golf, with 360 Ukrainians making their choice in its favor.^[569]

As of 1 August 2020, 46,000 green cars were registered in Ukraine. Of these, 23,000 were fully electric vehicles.^[570]

As of 1 June 2021, it is registered in Ukraine 64 459 green cars. 28 865 were fully electric vehicle and 35 594 hybrids.^[571] This is more than in all neighboring to Ukraine countries combined. It can be concluded that Ukraine is the leader of electric car mobility in the region of Eastern Europe.

As of June 2022, there are 36,602 fully electric cars registered in Ukraine^[572]

As of 1 October 2022 there were registered 42,289 fully electric cars in Ukraine.^[573]

United Kingdom

Annual registration of plug-in electric cars in the UK between 2011 and 2021

The REVAi/G-Wiz i electric car charging at an on-street station in London

About 745,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until December 2021, consisting of 395,000 all-electric vehicles and 350,000 plug-in hybrids.^[109]

As of 18 January 2018, the UK had 19,108 public charging points at 6,703 locations, of which 4,391 were rapid charging points at 1,332 locations.^[574]

A surge in plug-in car sales took place beginning in 2014. Total registrations went from 3,586 in 2013, to 37,092 in 2016, and rose to 59,911 in 2018.^{[114][171][575]} Sales climbed to 72,834 plug-in cars in 2019, and surged again in 2020 to 175,339 units, despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, and achieved record sales of 305,281 units in 2021.^[110]

The market share of the plug-in segment went from 0.16% in 2013 to 0.59% in 2014, and achieved 2.6% in 2018.^{[114][170][575]} The segment market share was 3.1% in 2019, rose to 10.7% in 2020,^[111] and achieved a record 18.6% in 2021.^[109]

As of June 2020, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in car in the UK over 46,400 units registered, followed by the Nissan Leaf more than 31,400 units.^[113]

United States

U.S. annual sales of plug-in passenger cars between December 2010 and 2023

As of December 2023, cumulative sales of highway legal plug-in electric cars in the U.S. totaled 4,684,128 units since 2010.^[202] Sales totaled 1,402,371 units in 2023, with a market share of 9.1%. This was the first time the American market surpassed the 1 million sales mark.^[202] California is the largest plug-in regional market in the country, with 1 million plug-in cars registered by November 2021, 46% of the national stock.^[17] The other nine states that follow California Air Resources Board's Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulations accounted for another 10% of the American stock.^[583]

California is the largest plug-in regional market in the country, with plug-in car sales of 237,618 units in 2021, up from 132,742 in 2020 (+79.0%). The state's plug-in segment market share increased from 4.9% in 2017, to 8.1% in 2020, and reached 12.8% in 2021.^[144]

The Tesla Model S (front) was the U.S. best selling plug-in car from 2015 to 2017, and the Tesla Model 3 (back) has led sales from 2018 and 2020.^{[95][96][584][585]}

The American plug-in segment had a market share of 1.13% in 2017, up from 0.90% in 2016, then rose to 2.1% in 2018.^{[98][204][586]} A slightly declined to 1.9% occurred in 2019, rose to 2.2% in 2020, 4.0% in 2021, 6.8% in 2022, and achieved 9,1% in 2023.^{[202][16][203]}

Until 2018, the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid was the all-time best selling plug-in electric car with 152,144 units of both generations.^{[96][587][588]} The Tesla Model 3 all-electric car surpassed in 2019 the discontinued Chevrolet Volt to become the all-time best selling plug-in car in U.S. history, with an estimated 300,471 units delivered since inception, followed by the Tesla Model S with about 157,992, and the Chevrolet Volt with 157,054.^[589] The Tesla Model S was the best selling plug-in car in the U.S. for three consecutive years, from 2015 to 2017,^[584] and the Model 3 topped sales also for three years running, from 2018 to 2020.^{[95][96][585]}

As of April 2021, three US states have introduced government mandates to ban the sale of gasoline powered cars in the future to push the transition to electric vehicles. Washington state's legislation would ban all sales and registrations of gasoline powered light vehicles made for or after their 2030 model year. California would ban the sale of all new fuel burning cars by 2035. Massachusetts would ban the sale of all new gasoline powered cars by 2035.^[590]

In December 2021, the Biden administration imposed Executive Order 14057, which is a nationwide federal government mandate that will ban new fossil fuel vehicles from all 50 US States plus Washington, D.C., and all US Territories by 2035 to push the transition to electric vehicles. The order will ban new car sales of fossil-fuel powered government-owned vehicles by 2027, new fossil-fuel buses by 2030, and new privately owned and commercial-owned vehicles by 2035.^[591][592]

Uruguay

Plug-in electric vehicle sales in Uruguay started being reported in 2019, with 163 vehicles sold. Government incentives plus thermal fuel costs supports a strong annual growth rate, reaching 1044 BEV vehicles sales in 2022, about 1.8% of total vehicle sales.^[593] According to the local dealership association (ACAU), by late June 2023 BEV vehicles sales accounted for 3% of total annual vehicle sales.^[594] The sales numbers kept growing for the following months, reaching a cumulative of 1402 electric vehicles by end of September 2023, about 3,3% of the total annual vehicle sales and 34% more than the entire 2022;^[595] the general manager for local dealership association (ACAU) estimated that the total sales for electric vehicles in 2023 might reach 2000, about the double of 2022.^[596] To support this continuous growth, the Government extended the exemption of taxes for the purchase of electric vehicles with a cost of up to 40.000USD.^[596]

The city of Montevideo had by July 2023 140 BEV taxis in circulation (of a total of around 3000, or 4,7%), with a target to reach 200 by the end of 2023.^[597] The Uruguayan government through its Industry Ministry started offering in November 2022 a 5000USD subsidy (applied as a post-sale rebate) for the replacement of up to 100 thermal taxis and ride-hailing vehicles. By 22 September 2023 all subsidies have been allocated (more than three months earlier than expected), and the Government is studying extending the program.^[598] Of those 100 subsidies, geographically 93 were allocated to Montevideo and 7 to other departments of the country, while 88 were allocated to replacing ride-hailing vehicles, 11 to taxis and 1 to a remisse.^[599] As an additional support, in July 2023 the local government of Montevideo is offering a subsidy of 200,000UYU (approximately 5000USD) for the replacement of up to 85 thermal taxis with electric ones.^[597]

Regarding mass transit, as of 2021 there were 32 BEV buses in operation of a total of 5391 buses nationwide (including urban, suburban and regional buses).^[600] The main urban bus transport company in Montevideo (CUTCSA, with 1140 buses) adhered to COP26 emission targets, pledging to achieve a 25% of BEV fleet by 2025, reaching 100% by 2040.^[601] With that objective in mind, CUTCSA is issuing a corporate bond of up to 23,3 million USD to fund the purchase of the first round of renovations (to achieve its target the company needs to replace between 250 and 300 diesel buses with electric ones by the end of 2025), with plans to send the Request for Proposal by the end of August 2023.^[602] On 6 October 2023 the president of CUTCSA informed that they had received 25 bids (24 of them from China) and are evaluating which of them to select.^[603] On 11 June 2023 the transport cooperative UCOT decided to purchase 10 additional electric buses from Yutong, which will arrive at the end of 2023, for a total of 13 electric buses (8% of their 160 urban buses).^[604] The two remaining bus transport companies in Montevideo also selected the Yutong buses, with COETC purchasing 12 vehicles (reaching 16 electric buses) and COMESA purchasing 7 (reaching 10 electric buses).^[605] The first 19 Yutong units for the transport cooperatives are expected to arrive in Montevideo by November 2023.^[606] Also, the government program "Subite Buses" is funding the investment of several Departments' local governments to purchase 10 additional electric buses in 2023.^[607] The local government of Salto expects to receive their subsidized bus in November 2023, expecting to buy an extra 5 units in the short term,^[608] achieving an electrification rate of around 13% of the local buses. On 28 November 2023 the Subite Buses program delivered the first electric buses to de departments of Maldonado, Flores, Tacuarembo and Salto, expecting to deliver buses to the departments of San Jose, Artigas and Río Negro by February 2024.^[609] In Durazno, the local company Nossar purchased two Ankai electric buses for their urban service, which started operations in July 2023.^[610][611]

Alongside the increasing sales there has been a strong expansion of the charging network: there were 150 charging stations at the end of 2022 (most of them slow charging), with a target of 300 fast-charging stations, or one every 50 km, by the end of 2023.^[612] Following that plan, by 3 November 2023 there were 265 charging stations in operation throughout the country.^[595] The government is also creating incentives so private companies can install charging stations throughout the country,^[613] and the national electric company (UTE) announced that from 15 November 2023 to end of June 2024 there will be a rebate of 4048UYU (about 100USD) for domestic consumers that install a car charger at their homes.^[614]

Vietnam

Plug-in electric vehicles in Vietnam maybe start with appearances by VinBus and VinFast VF e34 from Vingroup in 2021.

See also

• Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
• Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
• List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
• Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
• List of renewable energy topics by country and territory
• List of countries by vehicles per capita

References