Historical energy consumption in Sweden by source. Renewables and nuclear is given as the electricity produced.

Wind turbines in Sweden

Energy in Sweden describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Sweden. Electricity sector in Sweden is the main article of electricity in Sweden. The Swedish climate bill of February 2017 aims to make Sweden carbon neutral by 2045. The Swedish target is to decline emission of climate gases 63% from 1990 to 2030 and international transportation excluding foreign flights 70%.[1][2][3] By 2014 just over half of the country's total final energy consumption in electricity, heating and cooling and transport combined was provided by renewables, the highest share amongst the then 28 EU member countries.[4] About a third of Sweden's electricity is generated by nuclear power. In generating a year's worth of this energy, Swedes generate about 4 tonnes of CO2 emissions each. Since 2010, sustainability measures have reduced total emissions even as the population has increased.

As of 2017 the Swedish government climate and environment investment budget was about 1.3 billion euros for the 4 years 2017 - 2020 in non fossil travel, renewable energy and international (Annually in Swedish krona: 1.8 billion 2017, 1.5 billion 2018, 4.5 billion 2019 & ca 5 billion 2020.) [5]

In 2011, the World Energy Council gave Sweden, France, and Switzerland top marks for their energy sustainability. In 2017 the share of energy from renewable sources in Sweden was 55% in energy use, 69% in heating and cooling, 66% in electricity and 27% in transports.[6] In 2019, 97% of the energy used for public transport was renewable.[7]

Statistics

2020 energy statistics[8]
Production capacities for electricity
(billion kWh)
TypeAmount
Hydro170.33
Nuclear112.41
Wind power65.54
Biomass26.29
Fossil fuel3.81
Solar2.67
Total336.04
      
Electricity
(billion kWh)
CategoryAmount
Consumption124.61
Production160.04
Import11.83
Export36.82
      
Natural Gas
(billion m3)
Consumption1.28
Production1.31
      
Crude Oil
(barrels per day)
Consumption78,800,000
Production107,970,000
Import3,870,000
Export147,170,000

CO2 emissions:
33.58 million tons

Energy in Sweden[9]
Year Population
(million)		 Primary energy supply[lower-alpha 1]
(TWh)		 Energy production
(TWh)		 Net energy imports
(TWh)		 Electricity consumption[lower-alpha 2]
(TWh)		 CO2-emissions[lower-alpha 3]
(Mt)
20048.99627408236138.752.2
20079.15586391221139.446.2
20089.26577387229137.145.9
20099.30528353207131.541.7
20109.38596390229140.147.6
20129.45570378219132.644.9
2012R[lower-alpha 4]9.52583421179136.040.4
20139.60573408193133.237.5
20159.80529395170133.237.1
201710.1572419165136.737.6
Change 2004-1712.3%-8.8%2.7%-30.1%-1.4%-28%
Energy figures converted from Mtoe using conversion factor 1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh.
  1. ↑ Primary energy supply is national production + net imports + supply for international aviation and shipping + stock changes.[10] It includes energy losses, such as 2/3 for nuclear power.[11]
  2. ↑ Gross production + imports – exports – losses.
  3. ↑ Exclude emissions from non-energy.
  4. ↑ CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated.

Energy plan

Sweden's energy plan is to have 65% of energy produced by renewables by 2030 and 100% by 2040.[12]

Energy sources

Renewable energy

Years in which the last three renewable power levels achieved
AchievementYearAchievementYearAchievementYear
45%200950%201555%2020 [8]

Renewable energy includes wind, solar, biomass and geothermal energy sources.

Within the context of the European Union's 2009 Renewables Directive, Sweden was working towards reaching a 49% share of renewable energy in gross final consumption of energy - electricity, heating/cooling, and transportation - by 2020.[13] Eurostat reported that Sweden had already exceeded the Directive's 2020 target in 2014[14] reaching 52.6% of total final energy consumption provided by renewables, up from 38.7% in 2004.[4] This makes Sweden the leading country within the EU-28 group in terms of renewable energy use by share, followed by Finland and Latvia at 38.7%, Austria at 33.1% and Denmark on 29.2%.[4] The two other signatories of the directive, Iceland and Norway, remain ahead of Sweden at 77.1% and 69.2% respectively.[4]

The 2014 52.6% overall share of final energy consumption in Sweden breaks down as renewable energy providing the following shares to each sector: 68.1% of the heating and cooling sector, 63.3% of the electricity sector and 19.2% of the transport sector.[15]

The share of renewable electricity use is high in Sweden. Hydro, wind, and solar power together accounted for 49.8% of the electricity produced in the country in 2014. When measured against national electricity consumption, the share rises to 55.5%.[16] Since 2003, Sweden has supported renewable energy in the electricity sector with a "green electricity certificate" obligation for retail power suppliers.[17][18] As of 2015 the plan of the certificate system was to support 25 TWh of new renewable electricity generation by 2020.[19]

In June 2016, the Swedish center-left minority coalition government reached a cross-party energy deal with three opposition parties (the Moderate Party, Centre Party (Sweden), and Christian Democrats (Sweden)), with the agreement targeting 100% renewable electricity production by 2040.[20][21]

In 2013 renewable energy investment was more than US$1 billion in Sweden.[22]

Wind power

Historical electricity production by source

Wind power accounted for 10% of the electricity generated in Sweden in 2015, up from 5% in 2012 and 2.4% in 2010.[23][24][25][26]

Sweden has wind power potential of 510 TWh/a at land and 46 TWh/a at sea.[27] Consumption was 140 TWh of power in 2010.

In 2013 Sweden was second top country for wind power capacity per inhabitant in the world: 488 W per person, only surpassed by Denmark (863 W per person).[28] In correlation one must note that Swedish use of energy per inhabitant is much higher than average in Europe.

Solar power

Solar PV capacity in Sweden reached 2.3 GW in 2022, up from 0.14 GW in 2016.[29]

Solar power accounted for roughly 1% of the nation's total electricity consumption in 2022.[30]

As of 2023, Sweden's largest solar park is an 18MW facility in Skurup built by solar developer Alight AB, which produces energy for Martin & Servera.[31]

Wave power

Sweden has a wave power station outside Lysekil run by Uppsala University. The wave energy research group at Uppsala University study and develop all different aspects of wave energy, ranging from power systems and generators, to hydrodynamical modelling, and environmental impact of wave energy parks.[32]

Hydroelectric power

Hydroelectric power accounts for more than half of Sweden's electricity production. More than 1900 hydroelectric power stations operate across the country. Forty-five produce 100 MW and over, 17 produce 200 MW and over, and 5 produce 400 MW and over. The largest station, the Harsprånget hydroelectric power station, is located on the upper Lule River and has a maximum production capacity of 977 MW. The Lule River is also the most productive river, with almost 18% of the Swedish installed capacity. Almost all of the medium to large plants are located in northern Sweden.

Fossil fuels

Coal ceased to be used for electricity production in 2020.[33]

Most of Sweden, including Stockholm have no piped natural gas.[34]

Biofuels

Sweden aims for a fossil fuel free vehicle fleet by 2030.[35]

Sweden published the sustainability criteria for biofuels (2011) which consider the areas with high biological values to be protected in respect to fuels production. The feedstock origin used for production of bioliquids in Sweden during 2011 was Sweden 49% The Netherlands 17% United States 17% Finland 6% Belgium 3% and other 8% (Brazil, Malaysia and Russia). Palm oil is often pointed out as a dirty feed-stock for biofuels. None of the Swedish companies used palm oil in 2011. The largest share of feedstock for bioliquids comes from the forest industry in the form of tall oil pitch, tall oil and methanol.[36]

In 2013 the bus fleets in more than a dozen cities relied entirely on biomethane, local plants produced more than 60% of the total biomethane used in Swedish natural gas vehicles, and more filling stations were opened in 2012 and 2013. Göteborg Energi (Gothenburg Energy) has a 20 MW facility that gasifies forest residues and then converts the synthesis gases—hydrogen and carbon monoxide—into biomethane.[37]

Thermal and nuclear

Nuclear is dominating in this sector. The other operational plant is, in almost all cases, fueled with renewable fuels. Oil plants are few, and are either decommissioned or used as a reserve,

Nuclear power

More than 35% of the Swedish electricity is produced by 6 nuclear reactors, spread out on three power stations:

Before 2005, there were 12 reactors, but two BWR reactors (~1,2 GW) at the Barsebäck nuclear power plant were decommissioned in 1999 and 2005, two BWR reactors at the Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant were decommissioned in 2015 and 2017 (~1,1 GW), one PWR reactor was decommissioned at the Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant in 2019. (~1,8 GW).[38] On 31 December 2020 the R1 reactor was permanently shut down.[39]

Decommissioning and waste storage

Sweden is preparing to dismantle and demolish six large nuclear power reactors on three sites in coming years.[38] It is also working on plans to provide long-term storage of high-level waste.[40]

The total cost of spent fuel storage and decommissioning is estimated at SEK147 billion (around €14 billion). About SEK53 billion (around €5 billion) has been spent to date. This excludes the costs of near-surface disposal facilities for very low-level waste at Ringhals, Oskarshamn, and Forsmark.[38]

The majority of low- and intermediate-level waste will be disposed of in a shallow geological repository for short-lived waste at Forsmark.[38] The country is also exploring the use of transmutation to reduce waste radiotoxicity, with little success.[41]

Policies to curb carbon emissions

Development of carbon dioxide emissions

According to Energy Information Administration the CO2 emissions from energy consumption of Sweden were in 2009 54.77 Mt, slightly below Finland 54.86 Mt, despite the difference in population.[42] The emissions per capita were in Sweden 5.58 and in Finland 9.93 tonnes per capita in 2009.[43]

Carbon tax

In January 1991, Sweden enacted a carbon tax of SEK 250 per 1000 kg ($40 at the time, or EUR 27 at current rates) on the use of oil, coal, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, petrol, and aviation fuel used in domestic travel. Industrial users paid half the rate (between 1993 and 1997, 25%), and preferred industries such as commercial horticulture, mining, manufacturing, and pulp and paper were exempted entirely. As a result, the tax only covers around 40% of Sweden's carbon emissions.[44] The rate was raised to SEK 365 ($60) in 1997[45] and SEK 930 in 2007.[46]

According to a 2019 study, the tax was instrumental in substantially reducing Sweden's carbon dioxide emissions.[47] The tax is also credited by Swedish Society for Nature Conservation climate change expert Emma Lindberg and University of Lund Professor Thomas Johansson with spurring a significant move from hydrocarbon fuels to biomass. Lindberg said, "It was the one major reason that steered society towards climate-friendly solutions. It made polluting more expensive and focused people on finding energy-efficient solutions."[48][49]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Energy in Sweden.

References

  1. ↑ Is the Swedish deputy PM trolling Trump with this all-female photo? The Guardian, 4 February 2017
  2. ↑ Nyheter, S. V. T.; Sundberg, Marit (3 February 2017). "Bilden på Isabella Lövin har blivit en världsnyhet". SVT Nyheter. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  3. ↑ "Faktablad: Lagrådsremiss om ett klimatpolitiskt ramverk för Sverige 2017-02-02" (PDF). Regeringen.se. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Eurostat, news release, February 2016". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  5. ↑ ”Den största klimat- och miljöbudgeten i svensk historia”, Svt.se, 2017
  6. ↑ 13.1. Share of energy from renewable sources
  7. ↑ 13.2 Renewable energy in public transport
  8. 1 2 "Energy consumption in Sweden". 2020.
  9. ↑ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2019, 2017,2015 Archived 13 March 2016 at WebCite, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 Archived 5 May 2015 at WebCite + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013 Archived 2 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 2012 Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Archived 27 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 2010 Archived 11 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 Archived 7 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
  10. ↑ "Balances definitions: Total primary energy supply".
  11. ↑ Energy in Sweden 2010 Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Facts and figures. The Swedish Energy Agency. Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto.
  12. ↑ "Summary of the Commission assessment of the draft National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030" (PDF). Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  13. ↑ "Sweden". Grantham Institute - Climate Change and Environment. 30 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  14. ↑ "EU renewables usage shows steady increase". Economist Intelligence Unit. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  15. ↑ "European Commission, Energy, 2015 Progress Reports, Sweden". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  16. ↑ Swedish Energy Agency (30 November 2015). "Electricity supply and use 2001–2014 (GWh)". Statistics Sweden. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  17. ↑ "Energy use in Sweden". Swedish Institute. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  18. ↑ "Sweden - The Electricity Certificate System". International Energy Agency. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  19. ↑ "The Electricity Certificate System". Swedish Energy Agency. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  20. ↑ "Support for renewables, concessions for nuclear in energy deal". SR International – Radio Sweden. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  21. ↑ William Steel (16 June 2016). "ANALYSIS: Mixed picture for wind as Sweden plots all-renewable route". RECHARGE. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  22. ↑ "Renewables 2014 Global Status Report, page 70" (PDF). Ren21.net.
  23. ↑ Significant increase in energy from wind power Archived 19 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Swedish Energy Agency
  24. ↑ Energiläget i siffror 2014 18: Sveriges elproduktion per kraftslag och total elanvändning 1970–2012
  25. ↑ "Electricity supply and use 2001–2015 (GWh)". Statistics Sweden. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  26. ↑ Atle Staalesen (23 August 2016). "Sweden is Europe's quickest growing on wind power". The Independent Barents Observer. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  27. ↑ "the advanced energy [r]evolution : A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY OUTLOOK FOR SWEDEN" (PDF). Greenpeace.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  28. ↑ "Renewables 2014 Global Status Report, page 56" (PDF). Ren21.net. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  29. ↑ "Grid-connected solar installations, number and installed power, from 2016 -". Swedish Energy Agency. 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  30. ↑ "National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Sweden 2022" (PDF). International Energy Agency - Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme. November 2023. p. 16/66. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  31. ↑ "Om solenergi". Svensk Solenergi. 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  32. ↑ "Wave Power - Department of Engineering Science".
  33. ↑ "Sweden adds name to growing list of coal-free states in Europe". 21 April 2020.
  34. ↑ "Sweden without gas". 2 June 2015.
  35. ↑ "Renewables 2014 Global Status Report, page 29" (PDF). Ren21.net. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  36. ↑ "Sustainable bioliquids 2011". Webbshop.cm.se. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  37. ↑ "Renewables 2014 Global Status Report, page 35+37" (PDF). Ren21.net. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Gillin, Kristina (27 February 2020). "Nuclear decommissioning in Sweden: A priority for the 2020s". NS Energy. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  39. ↑ "Sweden's Ringhals 1 closes for last time". World Nuclear News. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  40. ↑ "NGOs demand place for nuclear in EU Taxonomy : Energy & Environment - World Nuclear News". World Nuclear News. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  41. ↑ "What should we do with radioactive nuclear waste?". the Guardian. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  42. ↑ World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest, The Guardian, 31 January 2011
  43. ↑ world carbon dioxide emissions country data co2, The Guardian, 31 January 2011
  44. ↑ Jonsson, Samuel; Ydstedt, Anders; Asen, Elke (23 September 2020). "Looking Back on 30 Years of Carbon Taxes in Sweden". Tax Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  45. ↑ "Carbon taxes raised to tackle climate change". The Local (Sweden's news in English). 17 September 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  46. ↑ IEA (2008). "Energy Policies of IEA Countries – Sweden- 2008 Review" (PDF). International Energy Agency website. p. 150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  47. ↑ Andersson, Julius J. (1 November 2019). "Carbon Taxes and CO2 Emissions: Sweden as a Case Study". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 11 (4): 1–30. doi:10.1257/pol.20170144. ISSN 1945-7731.
  48. ↑ Fouché, Gwladys (29 April 2008). "Sweden's carbon-tax solution to climate change puts it top of the green list". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  49. ↑ Carlgren, Fredrik (7 October 2015). "GDP – Gross Domestic Product – Ekonomifakta". Ekonomifakta.se. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
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