The Ulla-Førre hydropower complex has an installed capacity of approximately 2,100 MW

Norway is a heavy producer of renewable energy because of hydropower. Over 99% of the electricity production in mainland Norway is from 31 GW hydropower plants (86 TWh reservoir capacity, storing water from summer to winter). The average hydropower is 133 TWh/year[1] (135.3 TWh in 2007).[2] There is also a large potential in wind power, offshore wind power[3] and wave power, as well as production of bio-energy from wood.[4] Norway has limited resources in solar energy, but is one of the world's largest producers of solar grade silicon and silicon solar cells.

Green certificates

The system for Guarantees of Origin was implemented by the EU Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC, trading 'green certificates', the sale of which in 2010 relabeled the calculated average electricity consumption mix of a Norwegian household down from the actual 99% to 36% renewable.[5]

Hydroelectric power

External image
image icon Diagram of Reservoir content for Norway

Norway is Europe's largest producer of hydropower and the 6th largest in the world. 90% of capacity is publicly owned.[6] The largest producer is the Norwegian government, through the state-owned Statkraft which in turn, owns nine of the largest hydroelectric plants and is also a major player in the international energy markets. Electricity is also produced by a number of other state-owned and privately held companies. Hydropower generation capacity is around 31 GW in 2014 and 2019, when around 132 TWh was produced; about 95% of total production.[7] Hydro production can vary 50-60 TWh between years, depending on amount of precipitation. Large reservoirs (86 TWh combined) are necessary due to precipitation being significantly lower in winter when consumption is highest, while meltwater rushes to the reservoirs in summer when consumption is at its lowest.[1] When reservoirs are full, additional water must be passed through the spillway in a controlled manner to avoid damage.[8] The largest reservoir is Blåsjø at 7.8 TWh.[1]

The remaining undeveloped hydro potential is about 34 TWh.[9][1] By 2010 70% of the total potential had already been developed, one of the highest ratios in the world.[10] Dam safety reassessment began in 1995 and by 2014, 26% of existing installations have been rehabilitated or upgraded. Generating capacity in Norway is growing, between 2001 and 2014 there were 397 new projects commissioned, larger than 1 MW. Upgrades to older installations larger than 10 MW represents 70% of all new capacity.[11] Electricity trading with wind power generated in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark is driving modifications to the Norwegian hydro system.

Wind power

Wind turbine in Bjugn

In 2012 Norway had a wind power electricity production of 1.6 TWh, a small fraction of its total production. The following year it approved spending 20 billion NOK to triple its wind power capacity of ca. 700 MW to more than 2 GW by 2020.[12] In August 2016 construction of the 1 GW Fosen Vind project began. New projects increased capacity to 2.4 GW and production to 5.5 TWh in 2019.[13] Increased production of power from wind turbines can allow Norway to curtail its domestic production of hydroelectricity (stopping hydro turbines), which due to being dispatchable is a valuable asset in the international power market. To further curtail its consumption of hydroelectricity, Norway imports electricity when excess wind production in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands drives prices down there. To further develop its use of both cheap wind power and its dispatchable hydropower, Norway is considering new transmission lines to allow for the same trade with Scotland and Germany sometime after 2020. These are the North Sea Link and the NORD.LINK which are due to come online in 2021 and 2020 respectively. A public hearing in 2019 for further land-based turbine developments received over a thousand responses, the majority of which were negative.[14]

Transport

In the transport sector the share of renewables has increased from 1.3% to 4% between 2005-2010, and currently Norway has one of the highest numbers of electric cars per capita in the world.[15] The government's initial goal of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015, more than two years earlier than expected. By reaching a stock of 50,000 electric cars, the market penetration of pure electric vehicles achieved 2% of all passenger cars registered in Norway.[16][17] The segment's penetration passed 3% in December 2015.[18][19] With about 90,000 pure electric vehicles registered by mid-September 2016, the all-electric segment achieved a market penetration of 3.5% of all light-duty vehicles on Norway's roads.[20]

The all-electric Nissan Leaf (left) and the Tesla Model S (right) were the two best selling plug-in electric cars in Norway in 2014.[21]

The stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in Norway passed the 100,000 unit milestone in April 2016, making the country the fourth largest plug-in market in the world after the U.S., China and Japan.[22][23] As of April 2016, the Norwegian fleet of plug-in electric vehicles consist of about 81,500 all-electric passenger and light-duty vehicles, almost 17,100 plug-in hybrids, and over 2,000 all-electric commercial vans. The total stock includes almost 12,000 used imported electric cars.[23]

In February 2016, the government opened for public discussion until 1 July 2016 the proposed National Transport Plan 2018-2029 (NTP). The plan explains that the transportation sector accounts for emissions of about 16.5 million tons of CO2, which is about one third of the total greenhouse gas emissions produced domestically in Norway. And road traffic, including both private cars and heavy vehicles, account for about 10 million tons of CO2. The NTP set policies and actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from private cars, trucks, ships, aircraft and construction equipment by about one half until 2030.[24][25]

In order to achieve this objective, among others, the NTP sets the goal that all new cars, buses and light commercial vehicles in 2025 should be zero emission vehicles, this is, all-electric and hydrogen vehicles. By 2030, heavy-duty vans, 75% of new long-distance buses, and 50% of new trucks must be zero emission vehicles. Also, by 2030, 40% of all ships in short sea shipping should be using biofuels or be low- or zero-emission ships such as electric ferries. The proposed strategy states that until zero-emission vehicles take over, all internal combustion engine cars sold be plug-in hybrids, and wherever possible, biofuels must be used. Also, government agencies should as far as possible make use of biofuels, low- and zero-emission technologies in private and hired vehicles and vessels. The plan also calls to support the deployment of zero emission vehicles, but also for the reduction of the existing incentives, and proposes to invest more in public transport, walking and cycling.[24][25][26]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Om kraftmarkedet og det norske kraftsystemet - NVE". nve.no (in Norwegian). 2019-10-31. Archived from the original on 2020-02-13.
  2. ↑ "BP". bp.com. Archived from the original on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  3. ↑ Offshore wind resources (in Norwegian) NVE, 12 February 2009. Retrieved: 18 September 2010.
  4. ↑ Technology as a driving force in climate policy (Bjørn-Erik Haugan, Cicerone, Number: 6. pp.8-9. 2005)
  5. ↑ "Fuel mix".
  6. ↑ "Ownership in the energy sector - Energifakta Norge". 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  7. ↑ Vannkraftpotensialet Archived 2017-01-18 at the Wayback Machine Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, 10 December 2015.
  8. ↑ Ellefsen, Eylert (February 18, 2020). "Norway – can water spillage be avoided? – Energy Quantified Blog". www.energyquantified.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-08.
  9. ↑ Østensen, Inger. "Fakta – Energi- og vannressurser i Norge 2013 page 24-28. http://www.regjeringen.no. Olje- og energidepartementet, november 2012.ISSN 0809-9464.
  10. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-01-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ↑ https://www.ntnu.no/documents/381182060/641036380/Leif+Lia_FINAL.PDF/32bac8f3-b443-493b-a1eb-e22ce572acd9
  12. ↑ Holter, Mikael (2013-08-26). "Norway Approves $3 Billion for Wind Power Plants to Triple Capacity". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
  13. ↑ "Vindkraftdata - NVE". www.nve.no.
  14. ↑ NRK (2019-09-24). "Enormt vindkraft-engasjement – over tusen høringssvar". NRK (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  15. ↑ Ministry of Petroleum and Energy: "National Renewable Energy Action Plan under Directive 2009/28/EC", 2012
  16. ↑ Petter Haugneland (2015-04-20). "50.000 elbiler på norske veier!" [50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads!] (in Norwegian). Norsk elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association. Archived from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  17. ↑ Jeff Cobb (2015-04-20). "Norway Celebrates 50,000th Plug-in Car Sold; Will EV Incentives Continue?". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-04-20.
  18. ↑ Petter Haugneland (2016-02-29). "Nasjonal transportplan: Elbil er klimaløsningen" [National Transport: EV is the climate solution] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
  19. ↑ "Number of electric cars worldwide climbs to 1.3 million" (PDF) (Press release). Stuttgart: Zentrum für Sonnenenergieund Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW). 2016-02-26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-03-04. Around 3% of some 2.64 million cars in Norway run on electricity by the end of 2015 (includes all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids).
  20. ↑ Haugneland, Petter (2016-09-16). "Mandal først ute med fortsatt gratis parkering for elbil" [Mandal pioneered to keep free parking for electric cars] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2016-09-17.
  21. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "Bilsalget i 2014" [Car sales in 2014] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 2016-09-30. Retrieved 2015-01-14. A total of 10,639 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2013, consisting of: 7,885 new electric cars, 2,086 used imported all-electric cars, 328 new plug-in hybrid cars and 340 new all-electric vans. A total of 23,390 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2014, consisting of: 18,094 new electric cars, 3,063 used imported all-electric cars, 1,678 new plug-in hybrid cars and 555 new all-electric vans.
  22. ↑ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2016-05-17). "Dossier : A la découverte du véhicule électrique en Norvège" [Dossier: Discovering the electric vehicle in Norway] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-19. In April 2016 Norway just exceeded the threshold of 100 000th registered electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids included.
  23. 1 2 Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-09). "Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100,000 Plug-in Cars". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-05-09. As of April 2016, the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about 450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with around 300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about 150,000 plug-in units sold since 2009, both through March 2016. European sales are led by Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.
  24. 1 2 Blaker, Magnus (2016-02-29). "NTP: Nå kommer elbil-bakrusen" [NTP: Now Comes EV Hangover] (in Norwegian). Side3.no. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
  25. 1 2 "NTP: Klimautslippene må kuttes" [NTP: Greenhouse gas emissions must be cut] (in Norwegian). Norwegian Coastal Administration. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
  26. ↑ Cobb, Jeff (2016-03-08). "Norway Aiming For 100-Percent Zero Emission Vehicle Sales By 2025". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
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