The orbit of Mars (yellow band; varies between 1.381 and 1.666 AU) displayed with 6 theoretically possible orbits for an asteroid (red line). The orbit of a Mars-crosser is displayed in the bottom row on the right. In generic terms, a Mars-crosser has a smaller perihelion and a larger aphelion compared to Mars.
Special cases include inner-grazers (top row, in the middle) and outer-grazers (bottom row, in the middle), which do not completely cross the orbital band described by Mars. The other three diagrams describe a co-orbital configuration (top row, on the right) where the asteroid's orbit is contained within the orbital band of Mars, as well as a near-Earth asteroid such as an Amor asteroid (top row, on the left) and a main-belt asteroid, for example of the Hungaria family, which orbits are contained completely either inside or outside the orbit of Mars, respectively.

A Mars-crossing asteroid (MCA, also Mars-crosser, MC) is an asteroid whose orbit crosses that of Mars. Some Mars-crossers numbered below 100000 are listed here. They include the two numbered Mars trojans 5261 Eureka and (101429) 1998 VF31.

Many databases, for instance the JPL Small-Body Database (JPL SBDB), only list asteroids with a perihelion greater than 1.3 AU as Mars-crossers. An asteroid with a perihelion less than this is classed as a near-Earth object even though it is crossing the orbit of Mars as well as crossing (or coming near to) that of Earth. Nevertheless, these objects are listed on this page. A grazer is an object with a perihelion below the aphelion of Mars (1.67 AU) but above the Martian perihelion (1.38 AU).[1] The JPL SBDB lists 13,500 Mars-crossing asteroids. Only 18 MCAs are brighter than absolute magnitude (H) 12.5,[2] which typically makes these asteroids with H<12.5 more than 13 km in diameter depending on the albedo. The smallest known MCAs have an absolute magnitude (H) of around 24 and are typically less than 100 meters in diameter. There are over 21,600 known Mars-crossers[3] of which only 5751 have received a MPC number.

Earth having more gravity and surface area than Mars attracts more impactors than Mars. Earth is impacted about 20 times more than the Moon,[4] and Mars only gets impacted about 3 to 5 times more than the Moon.[5]

Co-orbital

L4 (leading cloud):

L5 (trailing cloud):

Candidates

Inner grazers

Inner grazers that are also Earth-crossers or grazers

Mars-crossers that are also Earth-crossers or grazers

These objects are not catalogued as Mars-crossers in databases such as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's online Small-body Database Browser. Instead, they are categorized as Near Earth Objects (NEOs).

Outer grazers

Mars-crossers

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Mars crosser", Encyclopædia Britannica, (2009), retrieved online May 3, 2009.
  2. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: orbital class (MCA) and H < 12.5 (mag)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
  3. ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine: orbital class (MCA)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  4. ↑ NASA's Moon Data Sheds Light on Earth’s Asteroid Impact History
  5. ↑ How often does Mars get whacked?
  6. ↑ 6386 Keithnoll at the JPL Small-Body Database Browser
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