Haplogroup K1a1b1a
Possible time of origin4,800 ± 3,600 Years Ago
Possible place of originEurope
AncestorK1a1b1
Defining mutations(114) 10978 12954 16234[1]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup K1a1b1a is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

The K1a1b1a mitochondrial DNA haplogroup subclade is found in Ashkenazi Jews and other populations. It is a subclade under haplogroup U'K.

Origin

According to National Geographic's Genographic Project, K1a1b1a has an unknown origin. The site states, "Though the origin of this lineage is not clear, it is a founding population among some Jewish Diaspora groups. Among Ashkenazi Jews, it is about 19 percent of maternal lineages. Estimates of the age of K1a1b1a vary depending on the mutation rates used. The age of K1a1b1a has been estimated at 4,800 ± 3,600 Years Ago, according to the Genographic Project.

The K1a1b1a subclade is under the U'K haplogroup and descends from K1a1b1, which is thought to be an 11,500-year-old European subclade of mostly non Jewish origins. Haplogroup K falls under the old U8 grouping. Some of the Basque people of Spain and France fall under the U8a subclade within U8. K1a1b1a is a U8b subclade within U8, with several downstream variations.

Ötzi, a mummy who was found September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps, is subclade K1ö for Ötzi. Ötzi has mtDNA marker 10978 in common with the Ashkenazi population and others who fall under the K1a1b1a subclade.

A new study and recent updates to the mtDNA tree uses three markers to define K1a1b1a, (114), 10978 and 16234. The marker 12954 along with the previous three markers mentioned, are used to define a new mtDNA subclade called K1a1b1a1.[2] This new group consists of people who are either Ashkenazi or of non Ashkenazi European ancestry.

Distribution

10% of Europeans fall under the K haplogroup. It is hypothesized that the subclade represents one of four major founding maternal lineages ("founding mothers") of Ashkenazi Jews which together account for 45% of all Ashkenazi mtDNA haplotypes. Approximately 19% of Ashkenazi Jews with ancestry from Poland are in mtDNA haplogroup K1a1b1a.[3] However, K1a1b1a has also been found in individuals of no known Jewish ancestry, and the explanation will require further research. The Genographic Project along with other research groups are looking into this phenomenon. The haplogroup is distributed in Europe and the Middle East.[4] Estimates suggest approximately 1,600,000 Jews worldwide would be K1a1b1a.

The recently evolving field of genetic genealogy and DNA sequencing has permitted people of unknown ancestry to make use of DNA testing to establish some evidence for their ancestral origins. Accordingly, based on the research of Behar,[3] some connection has been established between the K1a1b1a subclade and Jewish ancestry. The notion of Romani origins for K1a1b1a is very unlikely, given the much greater genetic diversity of K1a1b1a in Jews. This suggests that the presence of K1a1b1a in Romani people in Poland[5] is more likely the result of introgression into Romani populations.

Version 3 of van Oven's Phylotree[1] defines K1a1b1a by the highly polymorphic 114 in the second hypervariable region, 10978 and 12954 in the coding region, and 16234 in the first hypervariable region. This is supported by a growing number of GenBank samples. However, 12954 is not needed to define K1a1b1a as of 2013 and as mentioned above, is used to define K1a1b1a1.[2]

GenBank Submissions
GenBank IDOriginEthnicityAuthor(s)
DQ301789U/NAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
DQ301795U/NAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
DQ301802U/NAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
DQ301803U/NAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
DQ301805U/NAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
DQ301813U/NAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
EU052292U/NU/NGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
EU170362U/NU/NGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
EU259709U/NU/NGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
EU327782Zhitomir, UkraineUkrainianGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
EU523126U/NU/NGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
EU862197USAEuropeanGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
EU926147USAJewishGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
FJ228404Fălticeni, RomaniaAshkenaziGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
FJ938288Brest, BelarusAshkenaziGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
GU320192USARomanianGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
GU571200Frankfurt am Main, GermanyAshkenaziGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
GU585492U/NU/NGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
GU722599Bonn, GermanyAshkenaziGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
GU723693USAAshkenaziGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
HM101136USAU/NGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
HQ667591Budapest, HungaryAshkenaziGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
HQ901176USAJewishGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
JN990448USAAshkenaziGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
JQ702155Hungary[6]U/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ702245U/NU/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ702671UkraineAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ702676UzbekistanAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ702755Poland[6]U/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ702780BelarusAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ702859Lithuania[6]U/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ702945RussiaAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ703012RussiaAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ703069U/NAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ703165U/NU/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ703308U/NU/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ703485U/NU/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ703662Ukraine[6]U/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ703855Germany[6]U/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ704216U/NU/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ704654Germany[6]U/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ704812U/NU/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ705016PolandAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ705204Germany[6]U/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ705568UkraineAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ705628UkraineAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ705745LithuaniaAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ705951U/NAshkenazi[6]Behar, D. et al.
JQ705979U/NU/NBehar, D. et al.
JQ706006U/NU/NBehar, D. et al.
JX153534DenmarkU/NRaule,N. et al.[7]
KC878724Campania, Italy[6]U/NCosta, M. et al.
KC914580USAAshkenaziGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
KM047228PolandU/NSkonieczna,K. et al.[8]
KR491936USAAshkenaziGreenspan,B. (FTDNA)
KT946594Great Britain, UKU/NLee,W.T.Y. et al.[9]
KX350098SpainU/NIglesias,E.
KY782247PolandU/NMalyarchuk,B. et al.[10]
MH120573PolandU/NPiotrowska-Nowak,A. et al.[11]
MH120671PolandU/NPiotrowska-Nowak,A. et al.[11]
MN176259PolandU/NPiotrowska-Nowak,A.

It may be recognized in hypervariable only samples by essential mutations:

  • Hypervariable region 1: 16224C, 16234T, 16311C, 16519C
  • Hypervariable region 2: 073G, 263G, 315.1C, 497T

Pre-Modern K1a1b1a Samples

Medieval Jews
IDOriginEthnicityPeriodAuthor(s)
I13861Erfurt, GermanyAshkenazi Jewish (Erfurt-ME)14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]
I13862Erfurt, GermanyWest Knaanic Jewish (Erfurt-EU)14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]
I13866Erfurt, GermanyWest Knaanic Jewish (Erfurt-EU)14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]
I13867Erfurt, GermanyAshkenazi Jewish (Erfurt-ME)14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]
I13870Erfurt, GermanyAshkenazi Jewish (Erfurt-ME)14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]
I14736Erfurt, GermanyAshkenazi Jewish (Erfurt-ME)14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]
I14741Erfurt, GermanyAshkenazi Jewish (Erfurt-ME)14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]
I14846Erfurt, GermanyJewish14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]
I14851Erfurt, GermanyAshkenazi Jewish (Erfurt-ME)14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]
I14899Erfurt, GermanyJewish14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]
I14903Erfurt, GermanyAshkenazi Jewish (Erfurt-ME)14th centuryWaldman,S. et al.[12]

Notable individuals with Haplogroup K1a1b1a

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup K subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research. Newer research has further updated the phylogenetic tree of haplogroup K subclades.[2] However, the K1a1b1a1 subclade has yet to be approved and does not appear in the Build 17 PhyloTree as of February 18th, 2016.

  • K1a1b1 11470G
  • K1a1b1a 10978G 12954C 16234T
  • K1a1b1b 593C 2483C
  • K1a1b1b1 789C 11620G
  • K1a1b1c 5585A 16222T
  • K1a1b1d 14388G 16092C 16223T
  • K1a1b1e 9932A
  • K1a1b1f 4823C 6528T 8842C
  • K1a1b1g 5583T 12007A

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

  1. 1 2 3 van Oven M, Kayser M (Feb 2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–94. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.
  2. 1 2 3 Costa MD, Pereira JB, Pala M, Fernandes V, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Perego UA, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Hatina J, Woodward SR, Eng KK, Macaulay V, Carr M, Soares P, Pereira L, Richards MB (2013). "A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages". Nat Commun. 4: 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543. PMC 3806353. PMID 24104924.
  3. 1 2 Behar DM, Metspalu E, Kivisild T, Achilli A, Hadid Y, Tzur S, Pereira L, Amorim A, Quintana-Murci L, Majamaa K, Herrnstadt C, Howell N, Balanovsky O, Kutuev I, Pshenichnov A, Gurwitz D, Bonne-Tamir B, Torroni A, Villems R, Skorecki K (Mar 2006). "The matrilineal ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: portrait of a recent founder event". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (3): 487–97. doi:10.1086/500307. PMC 1380291. PMID 16404693.
  4. ↑ Hurst, William. "mtDNA Haplogroup K: K1a1b1a Subclade Haplotypes" (JPG). mtDNA Haplogroup K Project.
  5. ↑ Grzybowski, Tomasz; Malyarchuk, Boris A.; Derenko, Miroslava V.; Perkova, Maria A.; Bednarek, Jarosław; Woźniak, Marcin (2007). "Complex interactions of the Eastern and Western Slavic populations with other European groups as revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 1 (2): 141–147. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2007.01.010. PMID 19083745.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; et al. (8 October 2013). "A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages". Nature Communications. 4: Supplementary Data 3.
  7. ↑ Raule, Nicola; Sevini, Federica; Li, Shengting; Barbieri, Annalaura; Tallaro, Federica; Lomartire, Laura; Vianello, Dario; Montesanto, Alberto; et al. (2014). "The co-occurrence of mtDNA mutations on different oxidative phosphorylation subunits, not detected by haplogroup analysis, affects human longevity and is population specific". Aging Cell. 13 (3): 401–407. doi:10.1111/acel.12186. PMC 4326891. PMID 24341918.
  8. ↑ Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Malyarchuk, Boris; Jawień, Arkadiusz; Marszałek, Andrzej; Banaszkiewicz, Zbigniew; Jarmocik, Paweł; Borcz, Marcelina; Bała, Piotr; Grzybowski, Tomasz (2015). "Heteroplasmic substitutions in the entire mitochondrial genomes of human colon cells detected by ultra-deep 454 sequencing". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 15: 16–20. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.10.021. PMID 25465762.
  9. ↑ Lee, W.T.Y.; Cain, J.E.; Cuddihy, A.; Johnson, J.; Dickinson, A.; Yeung, K-Y.; Kumar, B.; Johns, T.G.; Watkins, D.N.; Spencer, A.; St John, J.C. (2016). "Mitochondrial DNA plasticity is an essential inducer of tumorigenesis". Cell Death Discovery. 2: 16016. doi:10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.16. PMID 27551510.
  10. ↑ Malyarchuk, Boris; Litvinov, Andrey; Derenko, Miroslava; Skonieczna, Katarzyna; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Grosheva, Aleksandra; Shneider, Yuri; Rychkov, Sergei; Zhukova, Olga (2017). "Mitogenomic diversity in Russians and Poles". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 30: 51–56. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.06.003. PMID 28633069.
  11. 1 2 Piotrowska-Nowak, Agnieszka; Elson, Joanna L.; Sobczyk-Kopciol, Agnieszka; Piwonska, Aleksandra; Puch-Walczak, Aleksandra; Drygas, Wojciech; Ploski, Rafal; Bartnik, Ewa; Tonska, Katarzyna (2019). "New mtDNA Association Model, MutPred Variant Load, Suggests Individuals With Multiple Mildly Deleterious mtDNA Variants Are More Likely to Suffer From Atherosclerosis". Frontiers in Genetics. 9: 702. doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00702. PMC 6332467. PMID 30671084.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Waldman, Shamam; Backenroth, Daniel; Harney, Éadaoin; Flohr, Stefan; Neff, Nadia C.; Buckley, Gina M.; Fridman, Hila; Akbari, Ali; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Cooper, Leo; Lomes, Ariel; Lipson, Joshua; Cano Nistal, Jorge; Yu, Jin; Barzilai, Nir; Peter, Inga; Atzmon, Gil; Ostrer, Harry; Lencz, Todd; Maruvka, Yosef E.; Lämmerhirt, Maike; Beider, Alexander; Rutgers, Leonard V.; Renson, Virginie; Prufer, Keith M.; Schiffels, Stephan; Ringbauer, Harald; Sczech, Karin; Carmi, Shai; Reich, David (2022-12-08). "Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century". Cell. 185 (25): Data S2, Table 1. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002. ISSN 0092-8674.
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