| Haplogroup I | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 20.1 kya (Olivieri 2013) |
| Possible place of origin | West Asia (Terreros 2011 and Fernandes 2012), or Southwest Asia |
| Ancestor | N1a1b (former N1e'I), (Olivieri 2013) |
| Descendants | I1, I2'3, I4, I5, I6, I7 (Olivieri 2013) |
| Defining mutations | T10034C, G16129A!, G16391A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period in West Asia ((Olivieri 2013); Terreros 2011; Fernandes 2012). The haplogroup is unusual in that it is now widely distributed geographically, but is common in only a few small areas of East Africa, West Asia and Europe. It is especially common among the El Molo and Rendille peoples of Kenya, various regions of Iran, the Lemko people of Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine, the island of Krk in Croatia, the department of Finistère in France and some parts of Scotland and Ireland.
Origin
Haplogroup I is a descendant (subclade) of haplogroup N1a1b and sibling of haplogroup N1a1b1 (Olivieri 2013). It is believed to have arisen somewhere in West Asia between 17,263 and 24,451 years before present (BP) (Behar 2012b), with coalescence age of 20.1 thousand years ago (Olivieri 2013). It has been suggested that its origin may be in Iran or more generally the Near East (Terreros 2011). It has diverged to at least seven distinct clades i.e. branches I1–I7, dated between 16–6.8 thousand years (Olivieri 2013). The hypothesis about its Near Eastern origin is based on the fact that all haplogroup I clades, especially those from Late Glacial period (I1, I4, I5, and I6), include mitogenomes from the Near East (Olivieri 2013). The age estimates and dispersal of some subclades (I1, I2’3, I5) are similar to those of major subclades of the mtDNA haplogroups J and T, indicating possible dispersal of the I haplogroup into Europe during the Late Glacial period (c. 18–12 kya) and postglacial period (c. 10–11 kya), several millennia before the European Neolithic period. Some subclades (I1a1, I2, I1c1, I3) show signs of the Neolithic diffusion of agriculture and pastoralism within Europe (Olivieri 2013).
It is noteworthy that, with the exception of its northern neighbor Azerbaijan, Iran is the only population in which haplogroup I exhibits polymorphic levels. Also, a contour plot based on the regional phylogeographic distribution of the I haplogroup exhibits frequency clines consistent with an Iranian cradle ... Moreover, when compared with other populations in the region, those from the Levant (Iraq, Syria and Palestine) and the Arabian Peninsula (Oman and UAE) exhibit significantly lower proportions of I individuals ... this haplogroup has been detected in European groups (Krk, a tiny island off the coast of Croatia (11.3%), and Lemko, an isolate from the Carpathian Highlands (11.3%)) at comparable frequencies to those observed in the North Iranian population. However, the higher frequencies of the haplogroup within Europe are found in geographical isolates and are likely the result of founder effects and/or drift ... it is plausible that the high levels of haplogroup I present in Iran may be the result of a localized enrichment through the action of genetic drift or may signal geographical proximity to the location of origin.
— Terreros 2011
A similar view puts more emphasis on the Persian Gulf region of the Near East (Fernandes 2012).
Haplogroup I ... dates to ~25 ka ago and is overall most frequent in Europe ..., but the facts that it has a frequency peak in the Gulf region and that its highest diversity values are in the Gulf, Anatolia, and southeast Europe suggest that its origin is most likely in the Near East and/or Arabia ...
Distribution
Projected frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup I
Haplogroup I is found at moderate to low frequencies in East Africa, Europe, West Asia and South Asia (Fernandes 2012). In addition to the confirmed seven clades, the rare basal/paraphyletic clade I* has been observed in three individuals; two from Somalia and one from Iran (Olivieri 2013).
Africa
The highest frequencies of mitochondrial haplogroup I observed so far appear in the Cushitic-speaking El Molo (23%) and Rendille (>17%) in northern Kenya (Castrì 2008). The clade is also found at comparable frequencies among the Soqotri (~22%).[1]
| Population | Location | Language Family | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amhara | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 1/120 | 0.83% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Egyptians | Egypt | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 2/34 | 5.9% | Stevanovitch 2004 |
| Beta Israel | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/29 | 0.00% | Behar 2008a |
| Dawro Konta | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Omotic | 0/137 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Ethiopia | Ethiopia | Undetermined | 0/77 | 0.00% | Soares 2011 |
| Ethiopian Jews | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/41 | 0.00% | Non 2011 |
| Gurage | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 1/21 | 4.76% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Hamer | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Omotic | 0/11 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Ongota | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/19 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Oromo | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/33 | 0.00% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Tigrai | Ethiopia | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 0/44 | 0.00% | Kivisild 2004 |
| Daasanach | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/49 | 0.00% | Poloni 2009 |
| Elmolo | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 12/52 | 23.08% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Luo | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/49 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Maasai | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/81 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Nairobi | Kenya | Niger-Congo | 0/100 | 0.00% | Brandstatter 2004 |
| Nyangatom | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 1/112 | 0.89% | Poloni 2009 |
| Rendille | Kenya | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 3/17 | 17.65% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Samburu | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 3/35 | 8.57% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Turkana | Kenya | Nilo-Saharan | 0/51 | 0.00% | Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013 |
| Hutu | Rwanda | Niger-Congo | 0/42 | 0.00% | Castrì 2009 |
| Dinka | Sudan | Nilo-Saharan | 0/46 | 0.00% | Krings 1999 |
| Sudan | Sudan | Undetermined | 0/102 | 0.00% | Soares 2011 |
| Burunge | Tanzania | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 1/38 | 2.63% | Tishkoff 2007 |
| Datoga | Tanzania | Nilo-Saharan | 0/57 | 0.00% | Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003 |
| Iraqw | Tanzania | Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic | 0/12 | 0.00% | Knight 2003 |
| Sukuma | Tanzania | Niger-Congo | 0/32 | 0.00% | Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003 |
| Turu | Tanzania | Niger-Congo | 0/29 | 0.00% | Tishkoff 2007 |
| Yemeni | Yemen | Afro-Asiatic > Semitic | 0/114 | 0.00% | Kivisild 2004 |
Asia
Haplogroup I is present across West Asia and Central Asia, and is also found at trace frequencies in South Asia. Its highest frequency area is perhaps in northern Iran (9.7%). Terreros 2011 notes that it also has high diversity there and reiterates past studies that have suggested that this may be its place of origin. Found in Svan population from Georgia(Caucasus) I* 4.2%."Sequence polymorphisms of the mtDNA control region in a human isolate: the Georgians from Swanetia."Alfonso-Sánchez MA1, Martínez-Bouzas C, Castro A, Peña JA, Fernández-Fernández I, Herrera RJ, de Pancorbo MM. The table below shows some of the populations where it has been detected.
| Population | Language Family | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baluch | Indo-European | 0/39 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Brahui | Dravidian | 0/38 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Caucasus (Georgia)* | Kartvelian | 1/58 | 1.80% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Druze | – | 11/311 | 3.54% | Shlush 2008 |
| Gilaki | Indo-European | 0/37 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Gujarati | Indo-European | 0/34 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Hazara | Indo-European | 0/23 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Hunza Burusho | Isolate | 2/44 | 4.50% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| India | – | 8/2544 | 0.30% | Metspalu 2004 |
| Iran (North) | – | 3/31 | 9.70% | Terreros 2011 |
| Iran (South) | – | 2/117 | 1.70% | Terreros 2011 |
| Kalash | Indo-European | 0/44 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Kurdish (Western Iran) | Indo-European | 1/20 | 5.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Kurdish (Turkmenistan) | Indo-European | 1/32 | 3.10% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Lur | Indo-European | 0/17 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Makrani | Indo-European | 0/33 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Mazandarian | Indo-European | 1/21 | 4.80% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Pakistani | Indo-European | 0/100 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Pakistan | – | 1/145 | 0.69% | Metspalu 2004 |
| Parsi | Indo-European | 0/44 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Pathan | Indo-European | 1/44 | 2.30% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Persian | Indo-European | 1/42 | 2.40% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Shugnan | Indo-European | 1/44 | 2.30% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Sindhi | Indo-European | 1/23 | 8.70% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Turkish (Azerbaijan) | Turkic | 2/40 | 5.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Turkish (Anatolia)* | Turkic | 1/50 | 2.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Turkmen | Turkic | 0/41 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Uzbek | Turkic | 0/42 | 0.00% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
Europe
Eastern Europe
In Eastern Europe, the frequency of haplogroup I is generally lower than in Western Europe (1 to 3 percent), but its frequency is more consistent between populations with fewer places of extreme highs or lows. There are two notable exceptions. Nikitin 2009 found that Lemkos (a sub- or co-ethnic group of Rusyns) in the Carpathian mountains have the "highest frequency of haplogroup I (11.3%) in Europe, identical to that of the population of Krk Island (Croatia) in the Adriatic Sea".[Footnote 1][Footnote 2]
| Population | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boyko | 0/20 | 0.00% | Nikitin 2009 |
| Hutsul | 0/38 | 0.00% | Nikitin 2009 |
| Lemko | 6/53 | 11.32% | Nikitin 2009 |
| Belorussians | 2/92 | 2.17% | Belyaeva 2003 |
| Russia (European) | 3/215 | 1.40% | Helgason 2001 |
| Romanians (Constanta) | 59 | 0.00% | Bosch 2006 |
| Romanians (Ploiesti) | 46 | 2.17% | Bosch 2006 |
| Russia | 1/50 | 2.0% | Malyarchuk 2001 |
| Ukraine | 0/18 | 0.00% | Malyarchuk 2001 |
| Croatia (Mainland) | 4/277 | 1.44% | Pericić 2005 |
| Croatia (Krk) | 15/133 | 11.28% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Croatia (Brač) | 1/105 | 0.95% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Croatia (Hvar) | 2/108 | 1.9% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Croatia (Korčula) | 1/98 | 1% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Herzegovinians | 1/130 | 0.8% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Bosnians | 6/247 | 2.4% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Serbians | 4/117 | 3.4% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Macedonians | 2/146 | 1.4% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Macedonian Romani | 7/153 | 4.6% | Cvjetan 2004 |
| Slovenians | 2/104 | 1.92% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Bosnians | 4/144 | 2.78% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Poles | 8/436 | 1.83% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Caucasus (Georgia)* | 1/58 | 1.80% | Quintana-Murci 2004 |
| Russians | 5/201 | 2.49% | Malyarchuk 2003 |
| Bulgaria/Turkey | 2/102 | 1.96% | Helgason 2001 |
Western Europe
In Western Europe, haplogroup I is most common in Northwestern Europe (Norway, the Isle of Skye, and the British Isles). The frequency in these areas is between 2 and 5 percent. Its highest frequency in Brittany, France where it is over 9 percent of the population in Finistère. It is uncommon and sometimes absent in other parts of Western Europe (Iberia, South-West France, and parts of Italy).
| Population | Language | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria/Switzerland | – | 4/187 | 2.14% | Helgason 2001 |
| Basque (Admix Zone) | Basque/Labourdin côtier-haut navarrais | 0/56 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Araba) | Basque/Occidental | 0/55 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Bizkaia) | Basque/Biscayen | 1/59 | 1.69% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Central/Western Navarre ) | Basque/Haut-navarrais méridional | 2/63 | 3.17% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Gipuskoa) | Basque/Gipuzkoan | 0/57 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Navarre Labourdin) | Basque/Bas-navarrais | 0/68 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (North/Western Navarre) | Basque/Haut-navarrais septentrional | 0/51 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Roncal) | Basque/Roncalais-salazarais | 0/55 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (Soule) | Basque/Souletin | 0/62 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Basque (South/Western Gipuskoa) | Basque/Biscayen | 0/64 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Béarn | French | 0/51 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Bigorre | French | 0/44 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Burgos | Spanish | 0/25 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Cantabria | Spanish | 0/18 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Chalosse | French | 0/58 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Denmark | – | 6/105 | 5.71% | Mikkelsen 2010 |
| England/Wales | – | 12/429 | 3.03% | Helgason 2001 |
| Finland | – | 1/49 | 2.04% | Torroni 1996 |
| Finland/Estonia | – | 5/202 | 2.48% | Helgason 2001 |
| France (Finistère) | – | 2/22 | 9.10% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Morbihan) | – | 0/40 | 0.00% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Normandy) | – | 0/39 | 0.00% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Périgord-Limousin) | - | 2/72 | 2.80% | Dubut 2003 |
| France (Var) | – | 2/37 | 5.40% | Dubut 2003 |
| France/Italy | – | 2/248 | 0.81% | Helgason 2001 |
| Germany | – | 12/527 | 2.28% | Helgason 2001 |
| Iceland | – | 21/467 | 4.71% | Helgason 2001 |
| Ireland | – | 3/128 | 2.34% | Helgason 2001 |
| Italy (Tuscany) | – | 2/48 | 4.20% | Torroni 1996 |
| La Rioja | Spanish | 1/51 | 1.96% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| North Aragon | Spanish | 0/26 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Orkney | – | 5/152 | 3.29% | Helgason 2001 |
| Saami | – | 0/176 | 0.00% | Helgason 2001 |
| Scandinavia | – | 12/645 | 1.86% | Helgason 2001 |
| Scotland | – | 39/891 | 4.38% | Helgason 2001 |
| Spain/Portugal | – | 2/352 | 0.57% | Helgason 2001 |
| Sweden | – | 0/37 | 0.00% | Torroni 1996 |
| Western Bizkaia | Spanish | 0/18 | 0.00% | Martınez-Cruz 2012 |
| Western Isles/Isle of Skye | – | 15/246 | 6.50% | Helgason 2001 |
Historic and prehistoric samples
Haplogroup I has until recently been absent from ancient European samples found in Paleolithic and Mesolithic grave sites. In 2017, in a site on Italian island of Sardinia was found a sample with the subclade I3 dated to 9124–7851 BC (Modi 2017), while in the Near East, in Levant was found a sample with yet-not-defined subclade dated 8850–8750 BC, while in Iran was found a younger sample with subclade I1c dated to 3972–3800 BC (Lazaridis 2016). In Neolithic Spain (c. 6090–5960 BC in Paternanbidea, Navarre) was found a sample with yet-not-defined subclade (Olivieri 2013). Haplogroup I displays a strong connection with the Indo-European migrations; especially its I1, I1a1 and I3a subclades, which have been found in Poltavka and Srubnaya cultures in Russia (Mathieson 2015), among ancient Scythians (Der Sarkissian 2011), and in Corded Ware and Unetice Culture burials in Saxony (Brandt 2013).I3a has also been found in the Unetice Culture in Lubingine, Germany 2,200 B.C. to 1,800 B.C. courtesy article on Unetice Culture Wikipedia of 2 Skeletons that were DNA tested. Haplogroup I (with undetermined subclades) has also been noted at significant frequencies in more recent historic grave sites (Melchior 2008 and Hofreiter 2010).
In 2013, Nature announced the publication of the first genetic study utilizing next-generation sequencing to ascertain the ancestral lineage of an Ancient Egyptian individual. The research was led by Carsten Pusch of the University of Tübingen in Germany and Rabab Khairat, who released their findings in the Journal of Applied Genetics. DNA was extracted from the heads of five Egyptian mummies that were housed at the institution. All the specimens were dated to between 806 BC and 124 AD, a time frame corresponding with the Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic periods. The researchers observed that one of the mummified individuals likely belonged to the I2 subclade.[2] Haplogroup I has also been found among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.[3]
Haplogroup I5 has also been observed among specimens at the mainland cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).[4]
Samples with determined subclades
| Culture | Country | Site | Date | Haplogroup | Source |
| Unetice | Germany | Esperstedt | 2050–1800 BC | I1 | Adler 2012; Brandt 2013 |
| Bell Beaker | Germany | — | 2600–2500 BC | I1a1 | Lee 2012; Oliveiri 2013 |
| Unetice | Germany | Plotzkau 3 | 2200–1550 BC | I1a1 | Brandt 2013 |
| Unetice | Germany | Eulau | 1979–1921 BC | I1a1 | Brandt 2013 |
| Srubnaya | Russia | Rozhdestveno I, Samara Steppes, Samara | 1850–1600 BC | I1a1 | Mathieson 2015 |
| Seh Gabi | Iran | — | 3972–3800 BC | I1c | Lazaridis 2016 |
| Cami de Can Grau | Spain | — | 3500–3000 BC | I1c1 | Sampietro 2007; Olivieri 2013 |
| Late Dynastic-Ptolemaic | Egypt | — | 806 BC – 124 AD | I2 | Khairat 2013 |
| Su Carroppu | Italy | — | 9124–7851 BC | I3 | Modi 2017 |
| Scythian | Russia | Rostov-on-Don | 500–200 BC | I3 | Der Sarkissian 2011 |
| Unetice | Germany | Benzingerode-Heimburg | 1653–1627 BC | I3a | Brandt 2013 |
| Unetice | Germany | Esperstedt | 2131–1979 BC | I3a | Adler 2012; Brandt 2013; Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015 |
| Unetice | Germany | Esperstedt | 2199–2064 BC | I3a | Adler 2012; Brandt 2013; Haak 2015 |
| Poltavka | Russia | Lopatino II, Sok River, Samara | 2885–2665 BC | I3a | Mathieson 2015 |
| Karasuk | Russia | Sabinka 2 | 1416–1268 BC | I4a1 | Allentoft 2015 |
| Minoan | Greece | Ayios Charalambos | 2400–1700 BC | I5 | Hughey 2013 |
| Minoan | Greece | Ayios Charalambos | 2400–1700 BC | I5 | Hughey 2013 |
| Minoan | Greece | Ayios Charalambos | 2400–1700 BC | I5 | Hughey 2013 |
| Christian Nubia | Sudan | Kulubnarti | 550–800 AD | I5 | Sirak 2016 |
| Late Bronze Age | Armenia | Norabak | 1209–1009 BC | I5c | Allentoft 2015 |
| Mezhovskava | Russia | Kapova cave | 1598–1398 BC | I5c | Allentoft 2015 |
Samples with unknown subclades
| Populations | N | Frequency | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Roman Iron Age sites Bøgebjerggård (AD 1–400) Simonsborg (AD 1–200) Skovgaarde (AD 200–400) |
3/24 | 12.5% | Melchior 2008a, Hofreiter 2010 |
| Viking Age burial sites Galgedil (AD 1000) Christian cemetery Kongemarken (AD 1000–1250) medieval cemetery Riisby (AD 1250–1450) |
4/29 | 13.79% | Melchior 2008, Hofreiter 2010 |
| Anglo-Saxon burial sites Leicester:6 Lavington:6 Buckland:7 Norton:12 Norwich:17 |
1/48 | 2.08% | Töpf 2006 |
We have previously observed a high frequency of Hg I's among Iron Age villagers (Bøgebjerggård) and individuals from the early Christian cemetery, Kongemarken [16], [17]. This trend was also found for the additional sites reported here, Simonsborg, Galgedil and Riisby. The overall frequency of Hg I among the individuals from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age is 13% (7/53) compared to 2.5% for modern Danes [35]. The higher frequencies of Hg I can not be ascribed to maternal kinship since only two individuals share the same common motif (K2 and K7 at Kongemarken). Except for Skovgaarde (no Hg I's observed) frequencies range between 9% and 29% and there seems to be no trend in relation to time. No Hg I's were observed at the Neolithic Damsbo and the Bronze Age site Bredtoftegård, where all three individuals harbored Hg U4 or Hg U5a (Table 1).
The frequency of haplogroup I may have undergone a reduction in Europe following the Middle Ages. An overall frequency of 13% was found in ancient Danish samples from the Iron Age to the Medieval Age (including Vikings) from Denmark and Scandinavia compared to only 2.5% in modern samples. As haplogroup I is not observed in any ancient Italian, Spanish [contradicted by the recent research as have been found in pre-Neolithic Italy as well Neolithic Spain], British, central European populations, early central European farmers and Neolithic samples, according to the authors "Haplogroup I could, therefore, have been an ancient Southern Scandinavian type "diluted" by later immigration events" (Hofreiter 2010).
Subclades
Phylogenetic tree of haplogroups I (left) and W (right). Kya in the left scale bar stands for thousand years ago (Olivieri 2013).
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades with time estimates is based on the paper and published research (Olivieri 2013).
| Hg (July 2013) | Age estimate (thousand years) | 95% confidence interval (thousand years) |
| N1a1b | 28.6 | 23.5–33.9 |
| I | 20.1 | 18.4–21.9 |
| I1 | 16.3 | 14.6–18.0 |
| I1a | 11.6 | 9.9–13.3 |
| I1a1 | 4.9 | 4.2–5.6 |
| I1a1a | 3.8 | 3.3–4.4 |
| I1a1b | 1.4 | 0.5–2.2 |
| I1a1c | 2.5 | 1.3–3.7 |
| I1a1d | 1.8 | 1.0–2.6 |
| I1b | 13.4 | 11.3–15.5 |
| I1c | 10.3 | 8.4–12.2 |
| I1c1 | 7.2 | 5.4–9.0 |
| I1c1a | 4.0 | 2.5–5.4 |
| I2'3 | 12.6 | 10.4–14.7 |
| I2 | 6.8 | 6.0–7.6 |
| I2a | 4.7 | 3.8–5.7 |
| I2a1 | 3.2 | 2.1–4.4 |
| I2b | 1.7 | 0.5–2.9 |
| I2c | 4.7 | 3.6–5.8 |
| I2d | 3.0 | 1.1–4.8 |
| I2e | 3.1 | 1.4–4.8 |
| I3 | 10.6 | 8.8–12.4 |
| I3a | 7.4 | 6.1–8.7 |
| I3a1 | 6.1 | 4.7–7.5 |
| I3b | 2.6 | 1.1–4.2 |
| I3c | 9.4 | 7.6–11.2 |
| I4 | 15.1 | 12.3–18.0 |
| I4a | 6.4 | 5.4–7.4 |
| I4a1 | 5.7 | 4.5–6.7 |
| I4b | 8.4 | 5.8–10.9 |
| I5 | 18.4 | 16.4–20.3 |
| I5a | 16.0 | 14.0–17.9 |
| I5a1 | 9.2 | 7.1–11.3 |
| I5a2 | 12.3 | 10.2–14.4 |
| I5a2a | 1.6 | 1.0–2.1 |
| I5a3 | 4.8 | 2.8–6.8 |
| I5a4 | 5.6 | 3.5–7.8 |
| I5b | 8.8 | 6.3–11.2 |
| I6 | 18.4 | 16.2–20.6 |
| I6a | 5.3 | 3.5–7.0 |
| I6b | 13.1 | 10.4–15.8 |
| I7 | 9.1 | 6.3–11.9 |
Distribution
I1
| Haplogroup I1 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 15,231 ± 3,402 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | 455.1T, G6734A, G9966A, T16311C! (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
It formed during the Last Glacial pre-warming period. It is found mainly in Europe, Near East, occasionally in North Africa and the Caucasus. It is the most frequent clade of the haplogroup (Olivieri 2013).
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702472 | Behar 2012b | |
| JQ702567 | Germany | Behar 2012b |
| JQ704077 | Germany | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705190 | Behar 2012b | |
| JQ705840 | Behar 2012b | |
| KY022422 | Iran | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MG191350 | Spanish | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MG646219 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2019b |
| MK294405 | Swedish | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MN586593 | Germany | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MW600776 | Russian | FamilyTreeDNA |
I1a
| Haplogroup I1a | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 11,726 ± 3,306 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1 |
| Defining mutations | T152C!, G207A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
The subclade frequency peaks (circa 2.8%) are mostly located in North-Eastern Europe (Olivieri 2013).
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EU694173 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
| HM454265 | Turkey (Armenian) | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ245746 | Chuvash | Fernandes 2012 |
| KC911435 | Iran | Derenko 2013 |
| KC911577 | Iran | Derenko 2013 |
| MK217219 | Assyrians | Shamoon-Pour 2019 |
| OQ982011 | Italy | FamilyTreeDNA |
I1a1
| Haplogroup I1a1 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 5,294 ± 2,134 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1a |
| Defining mutations | G203A, C3990T, G9947A, A9966G!, T10915C! (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EF177414 | Portugal | Pereira 2007 |
| FJ460562 | Tunisia | Costa 2009 |
| JQ245748 | Czech | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245749 | Czech | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245767 | Turkey | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245802 | Morocco | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ702519 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702882 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703835 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705025 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705645 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705889 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JX152861 | Denmark | Raule 2014 |
| JX153351 | Denmark | Raule 2014 |
| JX297189 | Spain | Cardoso 2013 |
| KJ570782 | Czech | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MG551928 | England | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MH120632 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2019a |
| MK874614 | Scotland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MK967511 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OM194303 | Kazakhs | Askapuli 2022 |
| OM238070 | Scottish | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OP681985 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
| OP682630 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
| OP682053 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
| OP682263 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
I1a1a
| Haplogroup I1a1a | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 3,327 ± 2,720 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1a1 |
| Defining mutations | G9053A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I1a1a1
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY339506 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| KF899911 | Russia | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JX152986 | Finland | Raule 2014 |
| MH983007 | Finland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MK040467 | Finland | FamilyTreeDNA |
I1a1a2
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY339507 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339508 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339509 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| OL555719 | Finnish | YSEQ |
I1a1b
| Haplogroup I1a1b | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 2,608 ± 2,973 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1a1 |
| Defining mutations | T14182C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702470 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ704690 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705595 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JX153797 | Denmark | Raule 2014 |
| JX154050 | Denmark | Raule 2014 |
| KF586486 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KJ849732 | Swedes | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KJ850479 | English | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KM822854 | Scotland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KT074442 | Finland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KU672519 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KX906927 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MG182421 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MG548632 | Welsh | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MN163828 | Finland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MT984338 | Ireland | YSEQ |
| MZ457933 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MZ846395 | Shetland | Dulias 2022 |
I1a1c
| Haplogroup I1a1c | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | About 1,523 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1a1 |
| Defining mutations | T6620C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| GU123027 | Mishar Tatars (Buinsk) | Malyarchuk 2010b |
| JQ702023 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702457 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KF146238 | Ukraine | Olivieri 2013 |
| MG386697 | German | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MH918097 | Lithuania | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OL638548 | Brazil | Avila 2022 |
| OM714767 | Czech | Grzybowski 2023 |
I1a1d
| Haplogroup I1a1d | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | About 1,892 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1a1 |
| Defining mutations | A1836G, T4023C, T13488C, T16189C! (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702342 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705189 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KT124612 | Wales | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KX949567 | United Kingdom | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MZ846966 | Orkney | Dulias 2022 |
| OQ101207 | English | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OR193751 | Wales | FamilyTreeDNA |
I1a1e
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ701900 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702820 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KJ095105 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KU375199 | England | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KY671114 | Russia | Malyarchuk 2017 |
| MK570297 | England | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MN599048 | Norway | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MZ846316 | Shetland | Dulias 2022 |
| MZ846989 | Orkney | Dulias 2022 |
| MZ847013 | Orkney | Dulias 2022 |
| MZ847773 | Orkney | Dulias 2022 |
| MZ847969 | Orkney | Dulias 2022 |
| MZ848045 | Orkney | Dulias 2022 |
I1b
| Haplogroup I1b | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 11,135 ± 4,818 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1 |
| Defining mutations | T6227C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| Genbank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY195769 | Caucasian | Mishmar 2003 |
| AY714041 | India | Palanichamy 2004 |
| EF556153 | Jewish Diaspora | Behar 2008a |
| FJ234984 | Armenian | FamilyTreeDNA |
| FJ968796 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ704018 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705376 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KC911562 | Iran | Derenko 2013 |
| KF146240 | Italy | Olivieri 2013 |
| KF146241 | Iran | Olivieri 2013 |
| KF146242 | Iran | Olivieri 2013 |
| KF146243 | Italy | Olivieri 2013 |
| KJ890387.1 | Swedish | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KJ890390 | German | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KJ937089 | Armenian | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KM986573 | Yemen | Vyas 2016 |
| KM986617 | Yemen | Vyas 2016 |
| KY073882 | Hungary | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KY410160 | Sardinians | Olivieri 2017 |
| KY671121 | Russia | Malyarchuk 2017 |
| KY680312 | Sweden | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MF362869 | Armenian | Margaryan 2017 |
| MG272907 | Thailand | Kutanan 2018 |
| MH378689 | Chechen | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MK491399 | Armenian | Derenko 2019 |
| MN595812 | Pakistan | Rahman 2021 |
| MW959772 | English | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OM714633 | Slovak | Grzybowski 2023 |
| OR838478 | Saudi Arabia | FamilyTreeDNA |
I1c
| Haplogroup I1c | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 8,216 ± 3,787 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I1 |
| Defining mutations | G8573A, C16264T, G16319A, T16362C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ705932 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KP783168 | Turkish | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MG748728 | Spain | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OL619849 | Mongolia | Cardinali 2022 |
| OR769030 | Turkey | YSEQ |
I1c1
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| KF146244 | Italy | Olivieri 2013 |
| MF437134 | United Arab Emirates | Al-Jasmi 2020 |
| MH120606 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2019a |
| OL638549 | Brazil | Avila 2022 |
I1c1a1
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EU564849 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ702655 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705364 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KJ558222 | Lithuania | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KJ801472 | - | Lang 2015 |
| KU052787 | Lithuania | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MZ158184 | Belarus | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OR182493 | Hungarian Jews | Brook 2022 |
I1c1a2
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| KX156834 | Chechens | FamilyTreeDNA |
I1d
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| KF146245 | Italy | Olivieri 2013 |
| KF146246 | Italy | Olivieri 2013 |
I1e
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JX462710 | India | Khan 2013 |
| KY697192 | Italians | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KY982964 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
I1f
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JX153931 | Denmark | Raule 2014 |
| JX153979 | Denmark | Raule 2014 |
| KF251094 | English | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KJ557251 | Scottish | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KJ809106 | England | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MK434282 | Norway | FamilyTreeDNA |
I2'3
| Haplogroup I2'3 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 11,308 ± 4,154 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | T152C!, G207A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
It is the common root clade for subclades I2 and I3. There's a sample from Tanzania with which I2'3 shares a variant at position 152 from the root node of haplogroup I, and this "node 152" could be upstream I2'3s clade (Olivieri 2013). Both I2 and I3 might have formed during the Holocene period, and most of their subclades are from Europe, only few from the Near East (Olivieri 2013). Examples of this ancestral branch have not been documented.
I2
| Haplogroup I2 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 6,387 ± 2,449 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2'3 |
| Defining mutations | A15758G (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
I2a
| Haplogroup I2a | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 3,771 ± 2,143 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2 |
| Defining mutations | A11065G, G16145A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| HQ326985 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
| HQ714959 | Scotland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ705921 | – | Behar 2012b |
| HQ695930 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
I2a1
| Haplogroup I2a1 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 2,986 ± 1,968 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2a |
| Defining mutations | T3398C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY339497 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| HQ724528 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JN411083 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
I2a1a
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| MT892955 | Finland | FamilyTreeDNA |
I2a2
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ703910 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KP987219 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KR088263 | England | FamilyTreeDNA |
I2a3
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ705175 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JX154048 | Denmark | Raule 2014 |
| KU493988 | Sweden | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MK591009 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MT137386 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
I2b
| Haplogroup I2b | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | About 1,267 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2 |
| Defining mutations | T6515C, 8281-8289d, A16166c (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY339498 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339499 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339500 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
| AY339501 | Finland | Finnila 2001 |
I2c
| Haplogroup I2c | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | About 2,268 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2 |
| Defining mutations | T460C, G9438A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702163 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702253 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703024 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705187 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705666 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KJ882427 | France | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KR051235 | Scotland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KU291444 | Scotland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MZ846506 | Shetland | Dulias 2022 |
| MZ846570 | Shetland | Dulias 2022 |
| MZ847001 | Orkney | Dulias 2022 |
| MZ847048 | Orkney | Dulias 2022 |
| OL604518 | Scotland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OP682030 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
I2d
| Haplogroup I2d | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | About 3,828 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2 |
| Defining mutations | G6480A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ705244 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703829 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JX153642 | Denmark | Raule 2014 |
| KY684194 | Germans | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MG646226 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2019b |
| MH087474 | English | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MH120469 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2019a |
| MH120515 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2019a |
| MH675881 | Finland | FamilyTreeDNA |
I2e
| Haplogroup I2e | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | About 2,936 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2 |
| Defining mutations | G3591A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702578 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703106 | – | Behar 2012b |
| MN176248 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2020 |
| MN176270 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2020 |
I3
| Haplogroup I3 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 8,679 ± 3,410 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I2'3 |
| Defining mutations | T239C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702647 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703862 | – | Behar 2012b |
| OL521838 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
I3a
| Haplogroup I3a | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 6,091 ± 3,262 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Oldest sample from Poltavka culture (Russia-Lopatino II, Sok River, Samara, 2885–2665 BC) (Mathieson 2015) |
| Ancestor | I3 |
| Defining mutations | T16086C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EU746658 | France | FamilyTreeDNA |
| EU869314 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ245751 | Greece | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ702041 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702062 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702109 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702413 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JX153712 | Denmark | Raule 2014 |
| KF146258 | Iran | Olivieri 2013 |
| KJ507246 | Flemish | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KJ850495 | English | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KU859398 | Belgium | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KY369150 | Italy | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KY408233 | Sardinians | Olivieri 2017 |
| MF002495 | Germany | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MF322516 | Irish | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MK088054 | France | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MZ614451 | Scotland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| ON980565 | Scotland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OP682222 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
| OP682259 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
| OP682273 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
| OP682309 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
| OP682392 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
| OP682401 | Canary Islanders | García-Olivares 2023 |
| OQ470330 | Norwegians | FamilyTreeDNA |
I3a1
| Haplogroup I3a1 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 5,070 ± 3,017 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I3a |
| Defining mutations | G2849A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY963586 | Italy | Bandelt |
| HQ420832 | France | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ704837 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KP903567 | Austria | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MH120756 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2019a |
| OL638572 | Brazil | Avila 2022 |
I3b
| Haplogroup I3b | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 5,596 ± 3,629 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I3 |
| Defining mutations | C16494T (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| GU590993 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ705377 | – | Behar 2012b |
I3c
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ702493 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ703883 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KJ021060 | - | FamilyTreeDNA |
I3d
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| OR233329 | Russians | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OR438549 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2023 |
I4
| Haplogroup I4 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 14,913 ± 5,955 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | G8519A (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
The clade splits into subclades I4a and newly defined I4b, with samples found in Europe, the Near East and the Caucasus (Olivieri 2013).
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| KJ021059 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
I4a
| Haplogroup I4a | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | About 2,124 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I4 |
| Defining mutations | A10819G (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EU091245 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JN660158 | Armenian | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ701909 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ701957 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705303 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705514 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ706017 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ702369 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JX153325 | Denmark | Raule 2014 |
| KJ676862 | French Canadians | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KT390700 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KX495667 | Armenian | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MF362868 | Armenians | Margaryan 2017 |
| MG660526 | Chelkans | Nazhmidenova 2020 |
| MZ846849 | Orkney | Dulias 2022 |
| MZ846865 | Orkney | Dulias 2022 |
| OL638882 | Brazil | Avila 2022 |
| ON457162 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
| ON602072 | England | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OQ645346 | German | FamilyTreeDNA |
I4a1
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EF153786 | Siberia | Derenko 2007 |
| EF660987 | Italy | Gasparre 2007 |
| HM804481 | – | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ705060 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705191 | – | Behar 2012b |
| JQ705906 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KJ676824 | German | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KJ890389 | Russia | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KU922938 | Wales | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KY849396 | Swedes | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MG015877 | Swedes | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MG646165 | Poland | Piotrowska-Nowak 2019b |
| MH322053 | Germany | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MW691107 | Ireland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| ON010030 | Sweden | FamilyTreeDNA |
I4a2
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| KF254840 | Finland | FamilyTreeDNA |
I4b
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ704976 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KF146261 | Iran | Olivieri 2013 |
| KX467275 | India | Sharma 2018 |
| MG744604 | Germany | FamilyTreeDNA |
I5
| Haplogroup I5 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 18,806 ± 4,005 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | A14233G (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
Is the second most frequent clade of the haplogroup. Its subclades are found in Europe, e.g. I5a1, and the Near East, e.g. I5a2a and I5b (Olivieri 2013).
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| HQ658465 | German (north) | FamilyTreeDNA |
| JQ245724 | North Ossetia | Fernandes 2012 |
| KJ920750 | German (west) | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KT250729 | German (east) | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KT346427 | Polish | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MK617274 | Serbia | Davidovic 2020 |
I5a
| Haplogroup I5a | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 15,116 ± 4,128 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I5 |
| Defining mutations | T5074C, C16148T (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| KT748522 | Pontic Greeks | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KX017466 | Finnish | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MF362944 | Armenians | Margaryan 2017 |
| MN696689 | Finnish | FamilyTreeDNA |
I5a1
| Haplogroup I5a1 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 11,062 ± 4,661 BP (Behar 2012b) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I5a |
| Defining mutations | 8281-8289d, A12961G (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ245807 | Bulgaria | Fernandes 2012 |
| JX152976 | Finland | Raule 2014 |
| KM925143 | Finland | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MK134361 | Serbia | Davidovic 2020 |
| MK217239 | Assyrians | Shamoon-Pour 2019 |
| MT338490 | Germany | FamilyTreeDNA |
I5a1a
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ705096 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KF146248 | Italy | Olivieri 2013 |
| KJ746501 | English | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KX856070 | English | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MG744602 | French | FamilyTreeDNA |
I5a1b
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AF382007 | Leon | Maca-Meyer 2001 |
| EF660917 | Italy | Gasparre 2007 |
| JQ704713 | – | Behar 2012b |
I5a1c
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| EU597573 | Bedouin (Israel) | Hartmann 2009 |
| JQ704768 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KF146247 | Italy | Olivieri 2013 |
I5a2
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ701894 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KY408295 | Sardinians | Olivieri 2017 |
| KY408387 | Sardinians | Olivieri 2017 |
| MH168104 | Ukrainians | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MZ384391 | United Kingdom | FamilyTreeDNA |
I5a2a
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ245733 | Dubai | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245780 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245781 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245782 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245783 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245784 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245785 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
| JQ245786 | Yemen | Fernandes 2012 |
I5a3
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JN415483 | Germany | Achilli 2012 |
| JQ245772 | Turkey | Fernandes 2012 |
I5a4
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| FJ348190 | Hutterite | Pichler 2010 |
| HM852869 | Turkey | Schoenberg 2011 |
| KF146249 | Italy | Olivieri 2013 |
| KJ676977 | Romanian | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KY615004 | Rusyns | FamilyTreeDNA |
I5b
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| KF255549 | Italy | FamilyTreeDNA |
| ON640629 | Cyprus | FamilyTreeDNA |
I5c
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| KM245143 | Spain | Fregel 2015 |
| KP419690 | Italians | FamilyTreeDNA |
| MF362879 | Armenians | Margaryan 2017 |
| MK491434 | Armenians | Derenko 2019 |
| OP642525 | Chechens | FamilyTreeDNA |
I5c1
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| HQ658465 | Germans | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KC787372 | English | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KF146251 | Italy | Olivieri 2013 |
| KY409830 | Sardinians | Olivieri 2017 |
| KY981527 | Sardinians | FamilyTreeDNA |
| OL438769 | Romanians | FamilyTreeDNA |
I6
| Haplogroup I6 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | About 18,400 BP (Olivieri 2013) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | T3645C (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
The subclade is very rare, found until July 2013 only in four samples from the Near East (Olivieri 2013).
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JQ245773 | Turkey | Fernandes 2012 |
| MK036912 | Croatia | FamilyTreeDNA |
I6a
| Haplogroup I6a | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | About 5,300 BP (Olivieri 2013) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I6 |
| Defining mutations | (G203A), G3915A, A6116G, A7804G, T15287C, (A16293c) (Behar & Family Tree DNA 2012) |
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| AY245555 | – | Janssen 2006 |
| JQ705382 | – | Behar 2012b |
| KM262180 | Italy | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KY409776 | Sardinians | Olivieri 2017 |
I7
| Haplogroup I7 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | About 9,100 BP (Olivieri 2013) |
| Possible place of origin | Insufficient Data |
| Ancestor | I |
| Defining mutations | C3534T, A4829G, T16324C |
It is the rarest defined subclade, until July 2013 found only in two samples from the Near East and the Caucasus (Olivieri 2013).
| GenBank ID | Population | Source |
|---|---|---|
| JF298212 | Armenian | FamilyTreeDNA |
| KF146253 | Kuwait | Olivieri 2013 |
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup I (mtDNA).
Genetics
Backbone mtDNA Tree
|
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ↑ Non, Amy. "ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE" (PDF). University of Florida. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
- ↑ Rabab Khairat; Markus Ball; Chun-Chi Hsieh Chang; Raffaella Bianucci; Andreas G. Nerlich; Martin Trautmann; Somaia Ismail; et al. (4 April 2013). "First insights into the metagenome of Egyptian mummies using next-generation sequencing". Journal of Applied Genetics. 54 (3): 309–325. doi:10.1007/s13353-013-0145-1. PMID 23553074. S2CID 5459033. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
- ↑ Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC 5459999. PMID 28556824.
- ↑ Sirak, Kendra; Frenandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Van Gerven, Dennis; Pinhasi, Ron (2016). "Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 - A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing". Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016. IUAES: 115–116.
Footnotes
- ↑ Nikitin 2009: 6/53 in Lemkos
"Lemkos shared the highest frequency of haplogroup I ever reported and the highest frequency of haplogroup M* in the region." - ↑ Cvjetan 2004: 15/133
Works cited
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Books
- Brook, Kevin Alan; Cooper, Leo R.; Wexler, Jeffrey D.; Lipson, Joshua; Stern, Jonah A. (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Boston: Academic Studies Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn. ISBN 978-1644699843. S2CID 254519342.
Websites
- Behar; Family Tree DNA (2012). "mtDNA Community".
Further reading
- Černý, Viktor; Pereira, Luísa; Kujanová, Martina; VašÍková, Alžběta; Hájek, Martin; Morris, Miranda; Mulligan, Connie J. (2009). "Out of Arabia-The settlement of Island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (4): 439–47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID 19012329.
- Fellner, Robert O (1995). Cultural change and the epipalaeolithic of Palestine. Tempus Reparatum. ISBN 9780860547754.
- Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S.; Mulligan, C. J. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539.
- Petit-Maire, Nicole; Bouysse, Philippe (2000). "Geological records of the recent past, a key to the near future world environments" (PDF). Episodes. 23 (4): 230–246. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i4/001.
External links
- General
- Haplogroup I
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