Haplogroup F
Possible time of origin43,400 YBP[1]
Possible place of originAsia
AncestorR9
DescendantsF1, F2, F3, F4
Defining mutations249d, 6392, 10310[2]

Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] It has not been found among Native Americans.[19]

It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.

Distribution

The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).[20] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.[21][22][23]

Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%).[24] It is also found at low frequencies on The Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup F

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.77135[9]F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9
Senoi (Malaysia)0.44252[6]F1a1a=23
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.43330[9]F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1
Shor (Kemerovo)0.41582[20]F1=33, F2a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.34432[9]F1a=10, F2a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.33315[9]F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.31332[10]F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.30020F1b=4, F1a=2
Lingao (Hainan)0.29031F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.28642[10]F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.27311[10]F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.26926[10]F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.26319[9]F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.26319[10]F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Vietnamese0.26242F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1
Taiwan (aborigines)0.253640F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.25068[9]F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok)0.25044[6]F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.25016[4]F=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.25016[9]F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.24657[20]F1=11, F2a=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.24445[9]F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.24025[10]F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1
Ket0.23738[5]F=9
Han (Beijing)0.22540F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.22091F=20
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)0.219137F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.21233[9]F1a=6, F1b=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.20729F1a=5, F1b=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.20729F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.20035[10]F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba)0.20050[6]F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1
Manchurian0.20040F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Thai0.20040F1b=8
Li (Hainan)0.197346F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1
Han (Xinjiang)0.19147F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1
Thailand0.190105[13]F1=18, F(xF1)=2
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.18937[9]F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1
Han (southern California)0.187390F=73
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.18449F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.17928F1a=4, F1b=1
Han (Taiwan)0.1751117F=196
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)0.174121F=21
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.16718[9]F1a=2, F1b=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.16730[9]F2a=5
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.16131F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Nepal (Newar) 0.155 [3] F1c1a = 2.4%, F1d = 12%, F1g = 2.4%, F2b1 = 1.1%
CHD (Han from Denver)0.15173F=11
Filipino (Palawan)0.15020F3b2=3
Indonesian (52 Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, & 24 Padang)0.150180[6]F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.15020[4]F=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.15040[9]F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.14947F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)0.146157[6]F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Bali)0.14682[6]F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.146103[10]F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.14050[9]F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Ambon)0.14043[6]F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1
Cun (Hainan)0.13330F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Hui (Xinjiang)0.13345F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1
Batak (Palawan)0.12931F1a3=3, F3b2=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.12931[9]F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.12524[10]F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.12241[10]F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.118102F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.11435F=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.11444F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.113177[18]F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Alor)0.11145[6]F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1
Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)0.110237[6]F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.10964[9]F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.107168[14]F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.10519F=2
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.10010[10]F1a(xF1a1)=1
Filipino (Visayas)0.098112[18]F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1
Korean (South Korea)0.097185F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.096633[15]F=61
Filipino0.09464[18]F1a3=3, F1a4=3
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.09432[10]F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1
Tibetan (Tibet)0.093216F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)0.09155F=5
Buryat0.087126F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2
Tofalar0.08746[5]F1b=4
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.08658F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.086105[20]F1=8, F2a=1
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.083336F=28
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.08348F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.08336[9]F2a=2, F1b=1
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.08324[9]F1a=1, F1b=1
Korean (northern China)0.07851F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)0.076118F=9
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.07553F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.075160F=12
Danga (Hainan)0.07540F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.074256F=19
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.07454F1a=2, F1b=2
Uyghur0.07355F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1
Filipino (Mindanao)0.07170[18]F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)0.069261F1=12, F(xF1)=6
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.06929F1a=2
Semelai (Malaysia)0.06661[6]F1a1a=4
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.065217Asari 2007F=14
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.06531[10]F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1
Korean (South Korea)0.064203F=13
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.06447[20]F1=3
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.06447F1b=2, F1a=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)0.063221[21]F=14
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316[4]F=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.060100[17]F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.060133[22]F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1
Japanese (Gifu)0.0591617[15]F=96
Japanese (Tōkai)0.057282F=16
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.05753[20]F1=3
Altai Kizhi0.05690[20]F1=3, F2a=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.055110[20]F1=6
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.05555F1a=2, F2=1
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.05456[9]F1c=2, F1a=1
Japanese0.052211[12]F1b=9, F1a=2
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.05139[10]F1b=1, F3=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.05198[11]F1=5
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020[4]F=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.05040[22]F1c=1, F1d=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020[4]F=1
Korean (South Korea)0.049103[20]F1=5
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.04544F1b=2
Yakut0.043117F2a=3, F1b=2
Tuvan0.04295[5]F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.04248F1a=1, F1b=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.04224F=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.04099[20]F1=4
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.03727[10]F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Kazakh0.03655F1b=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.034149[11]F1=4, F2=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.031295[20]F1=7, F2a=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.02935[9]F2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.02540[10]F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.02540[4]F=1
Okinawa0.025326F=8
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.02147F1c=1
Ainu0.02051F1b=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan)0.01471[5]F1b=1
Telenghit (Altai Republic)0.01471[20]F1=1
Tubalar0.01472[5]F1b=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.01473[20]F1=1
Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk)0.01187[5]F(xF1b)=1
Mansi0.01098[5]F=1
Khanty0.009106[23]F1=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015[20]-
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020[4]-
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020[4]-
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020[4]-
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020[4]-
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020[4]-
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024[22]-
Nganasan0.00024[5]-
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast)0.00025[5]-
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025[20]-
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029[22]-
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029[6]-
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032[6]-
Negidal0.00033[5]-
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033[6]-
Yakut (Yakutia)0.00036[20]-
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.00040[9]-
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.00044[20]-
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.00045-
Evenk (Buryatia)0.00045[20]-
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk)0.00046[5]-
Itelmen0.00047[5]-
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.00047-
Korean (Arun Banner)0.00048-
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051[6]-
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056[5]-
Mansi0.00063[23]-
Chukchi0.00066-
Siberian Eskimo0.00079[5]-
Persian (eastern Iran)0.00082[20]-
Koryak0.000155[5]-

Subclades

F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.

F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.[21][25]

F1d is the second most frequent sub-clade in Newar (Nepal). Haplogroup F1d reaches the greatest proportion in Newar (11.97%) of Nepal and Kshatriya (16%) of North India.[3]

F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan.[9] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.

F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.

F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.

  • F
    • F* – China, Korea[26]
    • F1
      • F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province[27]), China, Korea,[26] Kazakhstan
        • F1a – China, Korea,[26] Uyghur, Thailand
          • F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province[27]), China (Ma'an site, Wuxi, Majiabang culture)
            • F1a1 – Japan, Korea,[26] China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
              • F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
                • F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
              • F1a1b – Japan, Korea
              • F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
                • F1a1c1 – Moken
                • F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
              • F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
                • F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
            • F1a4
              • F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
                • F1a4a1 – Taiwan (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province[27]), South Africa
              • F1a4b – China
          • F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
            • F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province[27]), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.)
          • F1a3 – Thailand, Uyghur
            • F1a3a – Filipino (Lipa City), Indonesia
              • F1a3a1 – Japan
                • F1a3a1a – Japan, Korea
              • F1a3a2 – Philippines (Ivatan)
              • F1a3a3 – Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Makatao, Thao), Philippines (Ivatan)
        • F1c – Japan
          • F1c1 – Japan
            • F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[27])
              • F1c1a1 – Russia, China (Qingdao, etc.), Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Oroqen, Zhuang (Bama), Taiwan (Minnan)
                • F1c1a1a – Tibet (Shannan, Sherpa, etc.), Yi
                • F1c1a1b – China
              • F1c1a2 – Tibet, Thailand, China (Chongqing), India
        • F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
      • F1b - Korea[26]
        • F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
          • F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
            • F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
              • F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)[28]
                • F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
                  • F1b1a1a1a – Japan
                • F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
                • F1b1a1a3 – Japan
            • F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
          • F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
          • F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
          • F1b1d – Japan, Korea
          • F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
            • F1b1e1 – Yakut
          • F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
      • F1d – China (Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Liaoning, Korean from Antu County, Hezhen), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Tibet (Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[27]), South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux, Ak-Say), ancient Scythian
        • F1d1 – Tibet, Nepal (Tharu), Newar of Nepal (12%),[3] Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[27]), China, Japan, South Africa
      • F1e – Thailand
        • F1e1 – China (Han from Hunan)
          • F1e1a – Japan
        • F1e2 – China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • F1e3 – China (Shantou, etc.), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[27]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province and Phichit Province[27]), Sumatra
      • F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province[27]), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao), Nepal (Newar, 2.4%)[3]
    • F2
      • F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane[27]), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
      • F2a'b'g
        • F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Korea,[26] Japan, Kazakhstan
          • F2a1 – China (Han from Shandong), Naxi, Bai, Nu, Tu (Monguor),[29] Yi, Tibetan
          • F2a2 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Miao (Guizhou), Kinh (Guangxi), Dai and Lisu (Yunnan)[29]
          • F2a3 – China (Han from Xinjiang, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Shandong), Tu, Hui, Mongols in Inner Mongolia[29]
        • F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
          • F2b1 – Thailand (Lao Isan in Roi Et Province and Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[27]), China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Yakut, Even (NE Sakha Republic),[30] Yukaghir (NE Sakha Republic),[30] Nepal (Newar, 1.1%)[3]
        • F2g – China, Ladakh
      • F2c – China
        • F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
        • F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
      • F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province[27]), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
      • F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[27]), Vietnam (Dao)
        • F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
      • F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Azerbaijan (Astara), Bashkortostan (Bashkir), Poland
      • F2h'i – China
        • F2h – China, Tibet (Lhasa), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[27])
        • F2i – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Korea
    • F3 (formerly R9a)
      • F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
        • F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, Lanzhou,[31] etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province[27]), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
      • F3b – Thailand, Japan, Korea,[26] China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
        • F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
          • F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
            • F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
            • F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
          • F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
            • F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
    • F4
      • F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan, Korea[26]
        • F4a1
        • F4a2 – China, Laos (Lao in Vientiane and Luang Prabang[27]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Nyah Kur in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province[27])
      • F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province[27])
        • F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar

See also

References

  1. ↑ Soares, P; Ermini, L; Thomson, N; Mormina, M; Rito, T; Röhl, A; Salas, A; Oppenheimer, S; MacAulay, V (2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 740–59. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773.
  2. 1 2 van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Basnet, Rajdip; Rai, Niraj; Tamang, Rakesh; Awasthi, Nagendra Prasad; Pradhan, Isha; Parajuli, Pawan; Kashyap, Deepak; Reddy, Alla Govardhan; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Das Manandhar, Krishna; Shrestha, Tilak Ram; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2022-10-15). "The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations". Human Genetics. 142 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 36242641. S2CID 252904281.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Comas, David; Plaza, Stephanie; Wells, R. Spencer; et al. (2004). "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (6): 495–504. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201160. PMID 14872198.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Starikovskaya, E. B.; Sukernik, R. I.; Derbeneva, O. A.; Volodko, N. V.; Ruiz-Pesini, E.; Torroni, A.; Brown, M. D.; Lott, M. T.; Hosseini, S. H.; Huoponen, K.; Wallace, D. C. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 1): 67–89. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x. PMC 3905771. PMID 15638829.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hill, Catherine; Soares, Pedro; Mormina, Maru; et al. (December 2006). "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (12): 2480–2491. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124. PMID 16982817.
  7. ↑ Hill, Catherine; Soares, Pedro; Mormina, Maru; et al. (2007). "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1086/510412. PMC 1876738. PMID 17160892.
  8. ↑ Asari, M; et al. (2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Leg Med. 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID 17467322.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Wen, Bo; Xie, Xuanhua; Gao, Song; et al. (2004). "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 856–865. doi:10.1086/386292. PMC 1181980. PMID 15042512.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Gao, Song; et al. (2005). "Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (3): 725–734. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi055. PMID 15548747.
  11. 1 2 3 Derenko, M; Malyarchuk, B; Denisova, G; Perkova, M; Rogalla, U; et al. (2012). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e32179. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732179D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179. PMC 3283723. PMID 22363811.
  12. 1 2 Maruyama, Sayaka; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi; Saitou, Naruya (2003). "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population". Int J Legal Med. 117 (4): 218–225. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2. PMID 12845447. S2CID 1224295.
  13. 1 2 Supannee Kaewsutthi, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Yutthana Joyjinda et al., "Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy", Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, June 2011, Vol. 52, No. 7
  14. 1 2 Peng, Min-Sheng; Ho Quang, Huy; Pham Dang, Khoa; et al. (2010). "Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (10): 2417–2430. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq131. PMID 20513740.
  15. 1 2 3 Fuku, Noriyuki; Soo Park, Kyong; Yamada, Yoshiji; et al. (2007). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1086/512202. PMC 1821119. PMID 17273962.
  16. ↑ Kim, W; Yoo, T-K; Shin, D-J; Rho, H-W; Jin, H-J; et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Analysis Reveals no Association between the Common Genetic Lineages and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2211. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2211K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002211. PMC 2376063. PMID 18493608.
  17. 1 2 Uchiyama, Taketo; Hisazumi, Rinnosuke; Shimizu, Kenshi; et al. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture". Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology. 12 (1): 83–96. doi:10.3408/jafst.12.83.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Tabbada, Kristina A.; Trejaut, Jean; Loo, Jun-Hun; et al. (2010). "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215. PMID 19755666.
  19. ↑ Haplogroup F.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Derenko, Miroslava (2007). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 81 (5): 1025–1041. doi:10.1086/522933. PMC 2265662. PMID 17924343.
  21. 1 2 3 M. A. Bermisheva, K. Tambets, R. Villems, and E. K. Khusnutdinova, "Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region", Molecular Biology Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 802–812. Translated from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 990–1001.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; et al. (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..154F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
  23. 1 2 3 Pimenoff, Ville N; Comas, David; Palo, Jukka U; et al. (2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (10): 1254–1264. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101. PMID 18506205. S2CID 19488203.
  24. ↑ Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  25. ↑ Tolk, Helle-Viivi; Barac, Lovorka; Pericic, Marijana; et al. (2001). "The evidence of mtDNA haplogroup F in a European population and its ethnohistoric implications". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (9): 717–723. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200709. PMID 11571562.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." Hum Genet 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.
  28. ↑ Rebecca S Just, Melissa K Scheible, Spence A Fast, et al., "Full mtGenome reference data: development and characterization of 588 forensic-quality haplotypes representing three U.S. populations." Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2015 Jan;14:141-55. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.09.021. Epub 2014 Oct 5.
  29. 1 2 3 Kong, Q.P., Yao, Y.G., Sun, C., Zhu, C.L., Zhong, L., Wang, C.Y., Cai, W.W., Xu, X.M., Xu, A.L. and Zhang, Y.P., 2004. Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup F2 in China reveals T12338C in the initiation codon of the ND5 gene not to be pathogenic. Journal of human genetics, 49(8), p.414.
  30. 1 2 Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, et al., "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:127. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127
  31. 1 2 Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup F (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T
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