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| 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
| 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | ||
| 2024 | ||||||
| February 25 in recent years |
| 2023 (Saturday) |
| 2022 (Friday) |
| 2021 (Thursday) |
| 2020 (Tuesday) |
| 2019 (Monday) |
| 2018 (Sunday) |
| 2017 (Saturday) |
| 2016 (Thursday) |
| 2015 (Wednesday) |
| 2014 (Tuesday) |
February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 309 days remain until the end of the year (310 in leap years).
Events
Pre-1600
- 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.[1]
- 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.[2]
- 1336 – Four thousand defenders of Pilenai commit mass suicide rather than be taken captive by the Teutonic Knights.
1601–1900
- 1705 – George Frideric Handel's opera Nero premiered in Hamburg.[3]
- 1836 – Samuel Colt is granted a United States patent for his revolver firearm.[4]
- 1843 – Lord George Paulet occupies the Kingdom of Hawaii in the name of Great Britain in the Paulet affair.[5]
- 1870 – Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American ever to sit in Congress.[6]
- 1875 – Guangxu Emperor of Qing dynasty China begins his reign, under Empress Dowager Cixi's regency.[7]
1901–present
- 1912 – Marie-Adélaïde, the eldest of six daughters of Guillaume IV, becomes the first reigning Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.[8]
- 1916 – World War I: In the Battle of Verdun, a German unit captures Fort Douaumont, keystone of the French defences, without a fight.[9]
- 1918 – World War I: German forces capture Tallinn to virtually complete the occupation of Estonia.[10]
- 1921 – Georgian capital Tbilisi falls to the invading Russian forces after heavy fighting and the Russians declare the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.[11]
- 1932 – Hitler, having been stateless for seven years, obtains German citizenship when he is appointed a Brunswick state official by Dietrich Klagges, a fellow Nazi. As a result, Hitler is able to run for Reichspräsident in the 1932 election.[12]
- 1933 – Launch of the USS Ranger at Newport News, Virginia. It is the first purpose-built aircraft carrier to be commissioned by the US Navy.[13]
- 1939 – As part of British air raid precautions, the first of 2.5 million Anderson shelters is constructed in a garden in Islington, north London.[14]
- 1941 – The outlawed Communist Party of the Netherlands organises a general strike in German-occupied Amsterdam to protest against Nazi persecution of Dutch Jews.[15]
- 1947 – The formal abolition of Prussia is proclaimed by the Allied Control Council, the Prussian government having already been abolished by the Preußenschlag of 1932.[16]
- 1947 – Soviet NKVD forces in Hungary abduct Béla Kovács—secretary-general of the majority Independent Smallholders' Party—and deport him to the USSR in defiance of Parliament. His arrest is an important turning point in the Communist takeover of Hungary.[17]
- 1948 – In a coup d'état led by Klement Gottwald, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia takes control of government in Prague to end the Third Czechoslovak Republic.[18]
- 1951 – The first Pan American Games are officially opened in Buenos Aires by Argentine President Juan Perón.[19]
- 1956 – In his speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union, denounces Stalin.[20]
- 1980 – The government of Suriname is overthrown by a military coup led by Dési Bouterse.[21]
- 1986 – People Power Revolution: President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos flees the nation after 20 years of rule; Corazon Aquino becomes the Philippines' first female president.[22]
- 1991 – Disbandment of the Warsaw Pact at a meeting of its members in Budapest.[23]
- 1994 – American-Israeli extremist Baruch Goldstein commits a mass shooting at the Cave of the Patriarchs mausoleum, leaving 29 dead and over 100 injured before he was disarmed and beaten to death by survivors.[24]
- 1999 – Alitalia Flight 1553 crashes at Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport in Genoa, Italy, killing four.[25]
Births
Pre-1600
- 1259 – Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile (d. 1321)[26]
- 1337 – Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1383)[27]
- 1475 – Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, last male member of the House of York (d. 1499)[28]
- 1540 – Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton, English aristocrat and courtier (d. 1614)[29]
- 1543 – Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, Emir of Bitlis (d. 1603)[30]
- 1591 – Friedrich Spee, German poet and author (d. 1635)[31]
1601–1900
- 1643 – Ahmed II, Ottoman sultan (d. 1695)[32]
- 1663 – Peter Anthony Motteux, French-English author, playwright and translator (d. 1718)[33]
- 1670 – Maria Margarethe Kirch, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1720)[34]
- 1682 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist and pathologist (d. 1771)[35]
- 1707 – Carlo Goldoni, Italian playwright and composer (d. 1793)[36]
- 1714 – René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, French lawyer and politician, Lord Chancellor of France (d. 1792)[37]
- 1728 – John Wood, the Younger, English architect, designed the Royal Crescent (d. 1782)[38]
- 1752 – John Graves Simcoe, English-Canadian general and politician, 1st Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada (d. 1806)[39]
- 1755 – François René Mallarmé, French lawyer and politician (d. 1835)[40]
- 1778 – José de San Martín, Argentinian general and politician, 1st President of Peru (d. 1850)[41]
- 1806 – Emma Catherine Embury, American author and poet (d. 1863)[42]
- 1809 – John Hart, English-Australian politician, 10th Premier of South Australia (d. 1873)[43]
- 1812 – Carl Christian Hall, Danish lawyer and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1888)[44]
- 1816 – Giovanni Morelli, Italian historian and critic (d. 1891)[45]
- 1833 – John St. John, American lawyer and politician, 8th Governor of Kansas (d. 1916)[46]
- 1841 – Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French painter and sculptor (d. 1919)[47]
- 1842 – Karl May, German author, poet, and playwright (d. 1912)[48]
- 1845 – George Reid, Scottish-Australian lawyer and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918)[49]
- 1855 – Cesário Verde, Portuguese poet and author (d. 1886)[50]
- 1856 – Karl Gotthard Lamprecht, German historian and academic (d. 1915)[51]
- 1856 – Mathias Zdarsky, Czech-Austrian skier, painter, and sculptor (d. 1940)[52]
- 1857 – Robert Bond, Canadian politician; first Prime Minister of Newfoundland (d. 1927)[53]
- 1860 – William Ashley, English historian and academic (d. 1927)[54]
- 1865 – Andranik, Armenian general (d. 1927)[55]
- 1866 – Benedetto Croce, Italian philosopher and politician (d. 1952)[56]
- 1869 – Phoebus Levene, Russian-American biochemist and physician (d. 1940)[57]
- 1873 – Enrico Caruso, Italian-American tenor; the most popular operatic tenor of the early 20th century and the first great recording star. (d. 1921)[58]
- 1877 – Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist and scholar (d. 1935)[59]
- 1881 – William Z. Foster, American union leader and politician (d. 1961)[60]
- 1881 – Alexei Rykov, Russian politician, Premier of Russia (d. 1938)[61]
- 1883 – Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (d. 1981)[62]
- 1885 – Princess Alice of Battenberg, mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (d. 1969)[63]
- 1888 – John Foster Dulles, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 52nd United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)[64]
- 1890 – Myra Hess, English pianist and educator (d. 1965)[65]
- 1894 – Meher Baba, Indian spiritual master (d. 1969)[66]
- 1898 – William Astbury, physicist and molecular biologist (d. 1961)[67]
1901–present
- 1901 – Vince Gair, Australian politician, 27th Premier of Queensland (d. 1980)[68]
- 1901 – Zeppo Marx, American comedian (the youngest of the Marx Brothers) and theatrical agent (d. 1979)[69]
- 1903 – King Clancy, Canadian ice hockey player, referee, and coach; rated one of the 100 greatest NHL players (d. 1986)[70]
- 1905 – Perry Miller, American historian, author, and academic (d. 1963)[71]
- 1906 – Mary Coyle Chase, American journalist and playwright; author of Harvey (d. 1981)[72]
- 1907 – Sabahattin Ali, Turkish journalist, author, and poet (d. 1948)[73]
- 1908 – Mary Locke Petermann, cellular biochemist (d. 1975)[74][75]
- 1908 – Frank G. Slaughter, American physician and author (d. 2001)[76]
- 1910 – Millicent Fenwick, American journalist and politician (d. 1992)[77]
- 1913 – Jim Backus, American actor and screenwriter; the voice of Mr. Magoo (d. 1989)[78]
- 1913 – Gert Fröbe, German actor; title role in Goldfinger (d. 1988)[79]
- 1915 – S. Rajaratnam, 1st Senior Minister of Singapore (d. 2006)[80]
- 1917 – Anthony Burgess, English author, playwright, and critic (d. 1993)[81]
- 1918 – Bobby Riggs, American tennis player; winner of three major titles, 1939–1941 (d. 1995)[82]
- 1919 – Monte Irvin, American baseball player and executive (d. 2016)[83]
- 1920 – Philip Habib, American academic and diplomat, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (d. 1992)[84]
- 1921 – Pierre Laporte, Canadian journalist, lawyer, and politician, Deputy Premier of Quebec (d. 1970)[85]
- 1921 – Andy Pafko, American baseball player and manager (d. 2013)[86]
- 1922 – Molly Reilly, Canadian aviator (d. 1980)[87][88]
- 1924 – Hugh Huxley, English-American biologist and academic (d. 2013)[89]
- 1925 – Shehu Shagari, former President of Nigeria (d. 2018)[90]
- 1925 – Lisa Kirk, American actress and singer (d. 1990)[91]
- 1926 – Masatoshi Gündüz Ikeda, Japanese-Turkish mathematician and academic; developed algebraic number theory (d. 2003)[92]
- 1927 – Ralph Stanley, American bluegrass singer and banjo player; member of International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame (d. 2016)[93]
- 1928 – Paul Elvstrøm, Danish yachtsman; winner of four Olympic gold medals, 1948–1960 (d. 2016)[94]
- 1928 – A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., prominent African-American civil rights advocate, author, and federal court judge (d. 1998)[95]
- 1928 – Larry Gelbart, American author and screenwriter; creator and producer of M*A*S*H TV series (d. 2009)[96]
- 1928 – Richard G. Stern, American author and academic (d. 2013)[97]
- 1930 – Wendy Beckett, British nun and art critic for BBC TV with great success in the 1990s (d. 2018)[98]
- 1932 – Tony Brooks, English racing driver; six Formula One victories, second in 1959 World Championship (d. 2022)[99]
- 1932 – Faron Young, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist; member of Country Music Hall of Fame (d. 1996)[100]
- 1934 – Tony Lema, American golfer; winner of the 1964 Open Championship (d. 1966)[101]
- 1935 – Oktay Sinanoglu, Turkish physical chemist and molecular biophysicist; two-time nominee for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2015)[102]
- 1937 – Tom Courtenay, award-winning English actor[103]
- 1937 – Bob Schieffer, American political author, journalist and TV interviewer[104]
- 1938 – Herb Elliott, Australian 1500 metres runner; 1960 Olympic champion and world record holder[105]
- 1938 – Farokh Engineer, Indian international cricketer; successful as batsman and wicketkeeper[106]
- 1940 – Ron Santo, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2010)[107]
- 1941 – David Puttnam, English film producer and academic[108]
- 1943 – George Harrison, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and film producer; lead guitarist of The Beatles (d. 2001)[109]
- 1944 – François Cevert, French racing driver (d. 1973)[110]
- 1946 – Jean Todt, French racing driver and team manager; FIA President, 2009–2021[111]
- 1947 – Lee Evans, American sprinter and athletics coach; two gold medals and world 400m record at 1968 Olympics (d. 2021)[112]
- 1949 – Ric Flair, American professional wrestler[113]
- 1949 – Amin Maalouf, Lebanese-French journalist and author[114]
- 1950 – Francisco Fernández Ochoa, Spanish skier; 1972 Olympic slalom champion (d. 2006)[115]
- 1950 – Neil Jordan, Irish film director, screenwriter and author[116]
- 1950 – Néstor Kirchner, Argentinian politician; 51st President of Argentina, 2003–2007 (d. 2010)[117]
- 1951 – Don Quarrie, Jamaican sprinter and coach; four Olympic medals and two world records[118]
- 1952 – Joey Dunlop, Northern Irish motorcycle road racing champion; holds record for most wins (26) at the Isle of Man TT (d. 2000)[119]
- 1953 – José María Aznar, Spanish politician; Prime Minister of Spain, 1996–2004[120]
- 1957 – Raymond McCreesh, Irish Republican, hunger striker (d. 1981)[121]
- 1957 – Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Singaporean economist and politician; 5th Senior Minister and 9th President of Singapore[122]
- 1958 – Kurt Rambis, American basketball player and coach; four-time NBA Finals champion[123]
- 1962 – Birgit Fischer, German kayaker; winner of eight Olympic gold medals[124]
- 1963 – Paul O'Neill, American baseball player and sportscaster; five-time World Series champion[125]
- 1965 – Carrot Top, American comedian[126]
- 1966 – Téa Leoni, American actress[127]
- 1967 – Ed Balls, British politician; Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer[128]
- 1968 – Oumou Sangaré, Grammy Award-winning Malian Wassoulou musician[129]
- 1971 – Sean Astin, American actor, director and producer[130]
- 1974 – Dominic Raab, British politician; First Secretary of State and Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs[131]
- 1975 – Chelsea Handler, American comedian, actress, author, and television host[132]
- 1976 – Rashida Jones, American actress and writer[133]
- 1981 – Park Ji-sung, South Korean footballer; the most successful Asian player with 19 career trophies[134]
- 1982 – Maria Kanellis, American professional wrestler, actress, and model[135]
- 1982 – Flavia Pennetta, Italian tennis player; winner of the 2015 US Open[136]
- 1986 – Jameela Jamil, English actress and presenter[137]
- 1988 – Tom Marshall, English photo colouriser and artist[138]
- 1989 – Kana Hanazawa, Japanese voice actress and singer[139]
- 1992 – Jorge Soler, Cuban baseball player [140]
- 1994 – Fred VanVleet, American basketball player[141]
- 1995 – Viktoriya Tomova, Bulgarian tennis player[142]
- 1999 – Gianluigi Donnarumma, Italian international footballer; youngest goalkeeper to play for Italy[143]
- 1999 – Rocky, South Korean singer, dancer and songwriter[144]
Deaths
Pre-1600
- 806 – Tarasios, patriarch of Constantinople[145]
- 891 – Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese regent (b. 836)[146]
- 1522 – William Lily, English scholar and educator (b. 1468)[147]
- 1536 – Berchtold Haller, German-Swiss theologian and reformer (b. 1492)[148][149]
- 1547 – Vittoria Colonna, marchioness of Pescara (b. 1490)[150]
1601–1900
- 1601 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1566)[151]
- 1634 – Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general and politician (b. 1583)[152]
- 1636 – Santorio Santorio, Italian biologist (b. 1561)[153]
- 1655 – Daniël Heinsius, Flemish poet and scholar (b. 1580)[154]
- 1682 – Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (b. 1639)[155]
- 1710 – Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, French soldier and explorer (b. 1639)[156]
- 1713 – Frederick I of Prussia (b. 1657)[157]
- 1723 – Christopher Wren, English architect, designed St Paul's Cathedral (b. 1632)[158]
- 1756 – Eliza Haywood, English actress and poet (b. 1693)[159]
- 1796 – Samuel Seabury, American bishop (b. 1729)[160]
- 1805 – Thomas Pownall, English politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1722)[161]
- 1819 – Francisco Manoel de Nascimento, Portuguese-French poet and educator (b. 1734)[162]
- 1822 – William Pinkney, American politician and diplomat, 7th United States Attorney General (b. 1764)[163]
- 1841 – Philip P. Barbour, American lawyer, judge, and politician, 12th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1783)[164]
- 1850 – Daoguang Emperor of China (b. 1782)[165]
- 1852 – Thomas Moore, Irish poet and lyricist (b. 1779)[166]
- 1865 – Otto Ludwig, German author, playwright, and critic (b. 1813)[167]
- 1870 – Henrik Hertz, Danish poet and playwright (b. 1797)[168]
- 1877 – Jung Bahadur Rana, Nepalese ruler (b. 1816)[169]
- 1878 – Townsend Harris, American merchant, politician, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Japan (b. 1804)[170]
- 1899 – Paul Reuter, German-English journalist and businessman, founded Reuters (b. 1816)[171]
1901–present
- 1906 – Anton Arensky, Russian pianist and composer (b. 1861)[172]
- 1910 – Worthington Whittredge, American painter and educator (b. 1820)[173]
- 1911 – Friedrich Spielhagen, German author, theorist, and translator (b. 1829)[174]
- 1912 – William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1852)[175]
- 1914 – John Tenniel, English illustrator (b. 1820)[176]
- 1915 – Charles Edwin Bessey, American botanist, author, and academic (b. 1845)[177]
- 1920 – Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy, French archaeologist and engineer (b. 1844)[178]
- 1928 – William O'Brien, Irish journalist and politician (b. 1852)[179]
- 1934 – Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, American botanist and academic (b. 1857)[180]
- 1934 – John McGraw, American baseball player and manager (b. 1873)[181]
- 1945 – Mário de Andrade, Brazilian author, poet, and photographer (b. 1893)[182]
- 1950 – George Minot, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)[183]
- 1953 – Sergei Winogradsky, Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist and ecologist (b. 1856)[184]
- 1954 – Joseph Beech, American Methodist missionary and educator (b. 1867)[185]
- 1957 – Mark Aldanov, Russian author and critic (b. 1888)[186]
- 1957 – Bugs Moran, American mob boss (b. 1893)[187]
- 1963 – Melville J. Herskovits, American anthropologist and academic (b. 1895)[188]
- 1964 – Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor and illustrator (b. 1887)[189]
- 1964 – Grace Metalious, American author (b. 1924)[190]
- 1970 – Mark Rothko, Latvian-American painter and academic (b. 1903)[191]
- 1971 – Theodor Svedberg, Swedish chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884)[192]
- 1972 – Gottfried Fuchs, German-Canadian Olympic soccer player (b. 1889)[193]
- 1975 – Elijah Muhammad, American religious leader (b. 1897)[194]
- 1978 – Daniel James, Jr., American general and pilot (b. 1920)[195]
- 1980 – Robert Hayden, American poet and academic (b. 1913)[196]
- 1983 – Tennessee Williams, American playwright, and poet (b. 1911)[197]
- 1996 – Haing S. Ngor, Cambodian-American physician and author (b. 1940)[198]
- 1997 – Andrei Sinyavsky, Russian journalist and publisher (b. 1925)[199]
- 1998 – W. O. Mitchell, Canadian author and playwright (b. 1914)[200]
- 1999 – Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)[201]
- 2001 – A. R. Ammons, American poet and critic (b. 1926)[202]
- 2001 – Don Bradman, Australian international cricketer; holder of world record batting average (b. 1908)[203][204]
- 2005 – Peter Benenson, English lawyer, founded Amnesty International (b. 1921)[205]
- 2008 – Hans Raj Khanna, Indian judge and advocate; upholder of civil liberties (b. 1912)[206]
- 2010 – Ihsan Dogramaci, Turkish pediatrician and academic (b. 1915)[207]
- 2012 – Louisiana Red, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1932)[208]
- 2015 – Harve Bennett, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1930)[209]
- 2015 – Ariel Camacho, Mexican musician and singer-songwriter; (b. 1992)[210]
- 2015 – Eugenie Clark, American biologist and academic; noted ichthyologist (b. 1922)[211]
- 2017 – Bill Paxton, American actor and filmmaker (b. 1955)[212]
- 2020 – Dmitry Yazov, last Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1924)[213]
- 2022 – Farrah Forke, American actress (b. 1968)[214]
- 2022 – Shirley Hughes, English author and illustrator (b. 1927)[215]
- 2023 – Gordon Pinsent, Canadian actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1930)[216]
Holidays and observances
- Christian feast days:
- Æthelberht of Kent[217][218]
- Blessed Ciriaco María Sancha y Hervás[219]
- Gerland of Agrigento[220]
- John Roberts, writer and missionary[221] (Anglican Communion)
- Hamburg Matthiae-mahl, feast of Hanseatic League cities on the mediaeval first day of spring[222][223]
- Blessed Maria Adeodata Pisani[224]
- Blessed Robert of Arbrissel, founder of Fontevraud Abbey[225]
- Saint Walpurga (she was canonised on 1 May c. 870 and Walpurgis Night is celebrated 30 April)[226]
- February 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Kitano Baika-sai or "Plum Blossom Festival" (Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine, Kyoto, Japan)[227]
- Memorial Day for the Victims of the Communist Dictatorships (Hungary)[228]
- National Day (Kuwait)[229]
- People Power Day (Philippines)[230]
- Revolution Day in Suriname[231]
- Soviet Occupation Day (Georgia)[232]
References
- ↑ The Journal of Roman Studies. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. 1930. p. 82. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ↑ Morony, Michael G. (2005). Iraq After the Muslim Conquest. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-15-93333-15-7.
- ↑ Lang, Paul Henry (1996). George Frideric Handel. New York: Dover Publications. p. 35. ISBN 0-486-29227-4.
- ↑ "Samuel Colt receives patent for his revolver, February 25, 1836". Englewood, Colorado: Electrical Design News (EDN). Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ↑ "Correspondence relating to the Provisional Cession of the Sandwich Islands to great Britain. February 1843". British and Foreign State Papers, Volume 31. London: Foreign Office. 1858. pp. 1023–1029. Archived from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2020-09-23.
- ↑ "Revels, Hiram Rhodes (1827–1901)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Washington, DC: Office of the House Historian, United States Congress. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ↑ "Guangxu". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ↑ "S.A.R. la Grande-Duchesse Marie-Adélaïde | Cour grand-ducale". www.monarchie.lu (in French). Archived from the original on 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
- ↑ Wakefield, Alan. "What was the Battle of Verdun?". London: Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ↑ Parrott, Andrew (2002). "The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923: The First World War and the Wars of Independence" (PDF). Baltic Defence Review. Tartu, Estonia: Baltic Defence College. p. 139. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ↑ Lang, David Marshall (1962). A Modern History of Soviet Georgia. New York City: Grove Press. pp. 234–236. ASIN B000WAJSKG.
- ↑ Hinrichs, Per (12 March 2007). "Hitler May Be Stripped of German Citizenship". Spiegel International. Hamburg: Spiegel Gruppe. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ Cressman, Robert J. (2003). USS Ranger: The Navy's First Flattop from Keel to Mast, 1934–1946. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-15-74887-20-4.
- ↑ Stanley, Martin. "History". Anderson Shelters. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ↑ Green, David B. (25 February 2016). "The Dutch Strike Against Nazi Abuses of Jews". Tel Aviv: Haaretz. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "The Acting Political Adviser for Germany (Muccio) to the Secretary of State". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, Council of Foreign Ministers; Germany and Austria, Volume II. Washington, DC: Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State. 1947. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "Béla Kovács". The History of the 1956 Revolution. Budapest: The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution. Archived from the original on 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
- ↑ Steil, Benn (9 May 2018). "Who Lost Czechoslovakia?". London: History Today Ltd. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "The Spirit of Friendship Through Sports: Poster Images from the Pan-American Games, 1951–1999". Los Angeles: LA84 Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ Medvedev, Roy; Medvedev, Zhores (2004). Dahrendorf, Ellen (ed.). The Unknown Stalin: His Life, Death and Legacy. Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-15-85676-44-6.
- ↑ "Human Rights in Suriname". Washington, DC: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 5 October 1983. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ Crisostomo, Isabelo T. (1987). Cory, Profile of a President: The Historic Rise to Power of Corazon. Wellesley, Massachusetts: Branden Books. p. 257. ISBN 978-08-28319-13-3. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
- ↑ "Warsaw Pact and Comecon To Dissolve This Week". Boston, Massachusetts: The Christian Science Monitor. 26 February 1991. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ↑ "Settlers Remember Gunman Goldstein; Hebron Riots Continue". Haaretz.
- ↑ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Dornier 328-110 D-CPRR Genoa-Cristoforo Colombo Airport (GOA)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09.
- ↑ Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana (2010). Rainhas medievais de Portugal. Dezassete mulheres, duas dinastias, quatro séculos de História (in Portuguese). Lisbon: A esfera dos livros. p. 138. ISBN 978-98-96262-61-7.
- ↑ Boehm, Barbara Drake; Fajt, Jiri, eds. (2005). Prague: The Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. xvi. ISBN 978-03-00111-38-5.
- ↑ "Edward, Earl of Warwick". English Monarchs. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ "Henry Howard, earl of Northampton". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ Glassen, Erika. "Bedlisi, Sharaf-al-Din Khan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ "Friedrich Spee (Hymn-Writer)". Bach Cantatas Website. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ Naima, Mustafa (1986). "Ahmad II". Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. Vol. 1. p. 268.
- ↑ Hopkins, David (25 May 2006) [23 September 2004]. "Motteux, Peter Anthony [formerly Pierre-Antoine Le Motteux]". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19423. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ "Maria Kirch". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ "Giovanni Battista Morgagni". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ "Carlo Goldoni". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ "René-Nicolas-Charles-Augustin de Maupeou". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ "John Wood the Younger". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ↑ "John Graves Simcoe". Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
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External links
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