torrua
Ingrian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *torudak, equivalent to tora (“quarrel”) + -ua. Cognates include Finnish torua.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈtoruɑ/, [ˈto̞rːo̞]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈtoruɑ/, [ˈto̞rˑuɑ]
- Rhymes: -oroː, -oruɑ
- Hyphenation: tor‧ru‧a
Conjugation
| Conjugation of torrua (type 1/ampua, no gradation, gemination) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indikativa | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | torun | en toru | 1st singular | oon torunt, oon torunut | en oo torunt, en oo torunut |
| 2nd singular | torut | et toru | 2nd singular | oot torunt, oot torunut | et oo torunt, et oo torunut |
| 3rd singular | torruu | ei toru | 3rd singular | ono torunt, ono torunut | ei oo torunt, ei oo torunut |
| 1st plural | torumma | emmä toru | 1st plural | oomma toruneet | emmä oo toruneet |
| 2nd plural | torutta | että toru | 2nd plural | ootta toruneet | että oo toruneet |
| 3rd plural | torruut1), toruvat2), torutaa | evät toru, ei toruta | 3rd plural | ovat toruneet | evät oo toruneet, ei oo toruttu |
| impersonal | torutaa | ei toruta | impersonal | ono toruttu | ei oo toruttu |
| Imperfekta | Pluskvamperfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | toruin | en torunt, en torunut | 1st singular | olin torunt, olin torunut | en olt torunt, en olt torunut |
| 2nd singular | toruit | et torunt, et torunut | 2nd singular | olit torunt, olit torunut | et olt torunt, et olt torunut |
| 3rd singular | torui | ei torunt, ei torunut | 3rd singular | oli torunt, oli torunut | ei olt torunt, ei olt torunut |
| 1st plural | toruimma | emmä toruneet | 1st plural | olimma toruneet | emmä olleet toruneet |
| 2nd plural | toruitta | että toruneet | 2nd plural | olitta toruneet | että olleet toruneet |
| 3rd plural | torruit1), toruivat2), toruttii | evät toruneet, ei toruttu | 3rd plural | olivat toruneet | evät olleet toruneet, ei olt toruttu |
| impersonal | toruttii | ei toruttu | impersonal | oli toruttu | ei olt toruttu |
| Konditsionala | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | toruisin | en toruis | 1st singular | olisin torunt, olisin torunut | en olis torunt, en olis torunut |
| 2nd singular | toruisit, torruist1) | et toruis | 2nd singular | olisit torunt, olisit torunut | et olis torunt, et olis torunut |
| 3rd singular | toruis | ei toruis | 3rd singular | olis torunt, olis torunut | ei olis torunt, ei olis torunut |
| 1st plural | toruisimma | emmä toruis | 1st plural | olisimma toruneet | emmä olis toruneet |
| 2nd plural | toruisitta | että toruis | 2nd plural | olisitta toruneet | että olis toruneet |
| 3rd plural | toruisiit1), toruisivat2), toruttais | evät toruis, ei toruttais | 3rd plural | olisivat toruneet | evät olis toruneet, ei olis toruttu |
| impersonal | toruttais | ei toruttais | impersonal | olis toruttu | ei olis toruttu |
| Imperativa | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | — | — | 1st singular | — | — |
| 2nd singular | toru | elä toru | 2nd singular | oo torunt, oo torunut | elä oo torunt, elä oo torunut |
| 3rd singular | torukoo | elköö toruko | 3rd singular | olkoo torunt, olkoo torunut | elköö olko torunt, elköö olko torunut |
| 1st plural | — | — | 1st plural | — | — |
| 2nd plural | torukaa | elkää toruko | 2nd plural | olkaa toruneet | elkää olko toruneet |
| 3rd plural | torukoot | elkööt toruko, elköö toruttako | 3rd plural | olkoot toruneet | elkööt olko toruneet, elköö olko toruttu |
| impersonal | toruttakkoo | elköö toruttako | impersonal | olkoo toruttu | elköö olko toruttu |
| Potentsiala | |||||
| Preesens | |||||
| positive | negative | ||||
| 1st singular | torunen | en torune | |||
| 2nd singular | torunet | et torune | |||
| 3rd singular | torunoo | ei torune | |||
| 1st plural | torunemma | emmä torune | |||
| 2nd plural | torunetta | että torune | |||
| 3rd plural | torunoot | evät torune, ei toruttane | |||
| impersonal | toruttannoo | ei toruttane | |||
| Nominal forms | |||||
| Infinitivat | Partisipat | ||||
| active | passive | ||||
| 1st | torrua | present | toruva | toruttava | |
| 2nd | inessive | torujees | past | torunt, torunut | toruttu |
| instructive | torruen | 1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (torukaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative ***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential ****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition. | |||
| 3rd | illative | torumaa | |||
| inessive | torumaas | ||||
| elative | torumast | ||||
| abessive | torumata | ||||
| 4th | nominative | torumiin | |||
| partitive | torumista, torumist | ||||
Synonyms
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 593
Votic
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *torudak.
Pronunciation
- (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈtoruɑ̯/, [ˈtorːuɑ̯]
- Rhymes: -oruɑ̯
- Hyphenation: tor‧rua
Inflection
| Conjugation of torrua (type II-1/kuttsua, no gradation, gemination) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative | |||||
| Present | Perfect | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | torun | en toru | 1st singular | õõn torunnu | en õõ torunnu |
| 2nd singular | torud | ed toru | 2nd singular | õõd torunnu | ed õõ torunnu |
| 3rd singular | torub | eb toru | 3rd singular | on torunnu | eb õõ torunnu |
| 1st plural | torummõ | emmä toru | 1st plural | õõmmõ torunnu | emmä õõ torunnu |
| 2nd plural | toruttõ | että toru | 2nd plural | õõttõ torunnu | että õõ torunnu |
| 3rd plural | toruta | eväd toru | 3rd plural | õlla toruttu | eväd õõ toruttu |
| impersonal | toruta | eväd toru | impersonal | õlla toruttu | eväd õõ toruttu |
| Imperfect | Pluperfect | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | toruzin | en torunnu | 1st singular | õlin torunnu | — |
| 2nd singular | toruzid | ed torunnu | 2nd singular | õlid torunnu | — |
| 3rd singular | toru | eb torunnu | 3rd singular | õli torunnu | — |
| 1st plural | toruzimmõ | emmä torunnu | 1st plural | õlimmõ torunnu | — |
| 2nd plural | toruzittõ | että torunnu | 2nd plural | õlittõ torunnu | — |
| 3rd plural | torutti | eväd toruttu | 3rd plural | õlti toruttu | — |
| impersonal | torutti | eväd toruttu | impersonal | õlti toruttu | — |
| Conditional | |||||
| Present | Perfect | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | toruizin | en toruizʹ | 1st singular | õllõizin torunnu | en õllõizʹ torunnu |
| 2nd singular | toruizid | ed toruizʹ | 2nd singular | õllõizid torunnu | ed õllõizʹ torunnu |
| 3rd singular | toruizʹ | eb toruizʹ | 3rd singular | õllõizʹ torunnu | eb õllõizʹ torunnu |
| 1st plural | toruizimmõ | emmä toruizʹ | 1st plural | õllõizimmõ torunnu | emmä õllõizʹ torunnu |
| 2nd plural | toruizittõ | että toruizʹ | 2nd plural | õllõizittõ torunnu | että õllõizʹ torunnu |
| 3rd plural | toruttaizʹ | eväd toruttaizʹ | 3rd plural | õltaizʹ toruttu | eväd õltaizʹ toruttu |
| impersonal | toruttaizʹ | eväd toruttaizʹ | impersonal | õltaizʹ toruttu | eväd õltaizʹ toruttu |
| Imperative | |||||
| Present | |||||
| positive | negative | ||||
| 1st singular | — | — | |||
| 2nd singular | toru | elä toru | |||
| 3rd singular | torugo | elko torugo | |||
| 1st plural | — | — | |||
| 2nd plural | toruga | elka toruga | |||
| 3rd plural | torugod | — | |||
| impersonal | — | — | |||
| Nominal forms | |||||
| Infinitives | Participles | ||||
| active | passive | ||||
| 1st | torrua | present | torujõ1) | — | |
| 2nd | illative | toruma | past | torunnu | toruttu |
| inessive | torumõz | 1) also used as the agent noun | |||
| elative | torumassõ | ||||
| abessive | torumattõ | ||||
References
- Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “torua”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
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