soustraire
French
Etymology
Inherited from Old French sustraire, borrowed from Latin subtrahere (with conjugation modeled on traire), and altered based on influence from words like souscrire.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sus.tʁɛʁ/
Audio (file)
Verb
soustraire
- to subtract (to remove or reduce)
- (mathematics) to subtract
- (reflexive) to avoid, to escape (from)
- se soustraire à ses obligations ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Conjugation
This verb traditionally has no past historic or imperfect subjunctive. They would be formed on a -soustray- root: *je soustrayis, *que nous soustrayissions etc. Forms using the 'a' endings of verbs in -er are now used when there is an unavoidable need to use these forms. The root -soustrais- was used instead of -soustray- in the 18th century, and remains in Swiss and Savoy dialects.
Conjugation of soustraire (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | soustraire | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | soustrayant /sus.tʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /sus.tʁe.jɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | soustrait /sus.tʁɛ/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | soustrais /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustrais /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustrait /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustrayons /sus.tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /sus.tʁe.jɔ̃/ |
soustrayez /sus.tʁɛ.je/ or /sus.tʁe.je/ |
soustraient /sus.tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect | soustrayais /sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /sus.tʁe.jɛ/ |
soustrayais /sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /sus.tʁe.jɛ/ |
soustrayait /sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /sus.tʁe.jɛ/ |
soustrayions /sus.tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
soustrayiez /sus.tʁɛj.je/ |
soustrayaient /sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /sus.tʁe.jɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | soustrayai /sus.tʁɛe/ |
soustrayas /sus.tʁɛa/ |
soustraya /sus.tʁɛa/ |
soustrayâmes /sus.tʁɛam/ |
soustrayâtes /sus.tʁɛat/ |
soustrayèrent /sus.tʁɛɛʁ/ | |
| future | soustrairai /sus.tʁɛ.ʁe/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁe/ |
soustrairas /sus.tʁɛ.ʁa/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁa/ |
soustraira /sus.tʁɛ.ʁa/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁa/ |
soustrairons /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁɔ̃/ |
soustrairez /sus.tʁɛ.ʁe/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁe/ |
soustrairont /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | soustrairais /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
soustrairais /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
soustrairait /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
soustrairions /sus.tʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁjɔ̃/ |
soustrairiez /sus.tʁɛ.ʁje/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁje/ |
soustrairaient /sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /sus.tʁe.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | soustraie /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustraies /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustraie /sus.tʁɛ/ |
soustrayions /sus.tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
soustrayiez /sus.tʁɛj.je/ |
soustraient /sus.tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect2 | soustrayasse /sus.tʁɛas/ |
soustrayasses /sus.tʁɛas/ |
soustrayât /sus.tʁɛa/ |
soustrayassions /sus.tʁɛa.sjɔ̃/ |
soustrayassiez /sus.tʁɛa.sje/ |
soustrayassent /sus.tʁɛas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | soustrais /sus.tʁɛ/ |
— | soustrayons /sus.tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /sus.tʁe.jɔ̃/ |
soustrayez /sus.tʁɛ.je/ or /sus.tʁe.je/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
This verb traditionally has no past historic or imperfect subjunctive. They would be formed on a -soustray- root: *je soustrayis, *que nous soustrayissions etc. Forms using the 'a' endings of verbs in -er are now used when there is an unavoidable need to use these forms. The root -soustrais- was used instead of -soustray- in the 18th century, and remains in Swiss and Savoy dialects.
Conjugation of se soustraire (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | se soustraire | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | s'être + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | se soustrayant /sə sus.tʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /sə sus.tʁe.jɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant or étant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | soustrait /sus.tʁɛ/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | me soustrais /mə sus.tʁɛ/ |
te soustrais /tə sus.tʁɛ/ |
se soustrait /sə sus.tʁɛ/ |
nous soustrayons /nu sus.tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /nu sus.tʁe.jɔ̃/ |
vous soustrayez /vu sus.tʁɛ.je/ or /vu sus.tʁe.je/ |
se soustraient /sə sus.tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect | me soustrayais /mə sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /mə sus.tʁe.jɛ/ |
te soustrayais /tə sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /tə sus.tʁe.jɛ/ |
se soustrayait /sə sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /sə sus.tʁe.jɛ/ |
nous soustrayions /nu sus.tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
vous soustrayiez /vu sus.tʁɛj.je/ |
se soustrayaient /sə sus.tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /sə sus.tʁe.jɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | me soustrayai /mə sus.tʁɛe/ |
te soustrayas /tə sus.tʁɛa/ |
se soustraya /sə sus.tʁɛa/ |
nous soustrayâmes /nu sus.tʁɛam/ |
vous soustrayâtes /vu sus.tʁɛat/ |
se soustrayèrent /sə sus.tʁɛɛʁ/ | |
| future | me soustrairai /mə sus.tʁɛ.ʁe/ or /mə sus.tʁe.ʁe/ |
te soustrairas /tə sus.tʁɛ.ʁa/ or /tə sus.tʁe.ʁa/ |
se soustraira /sə sus.tʁɛ.ʁa/ or /sə sus.tʁe.ʁa/ |
nous soustrairons /nu sus.tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /nu sus.tʁe.ʁɔ̃/ |
vous soustrairez /vu sus.tʁɛ.ʁe/ or /vu sus.tʁe.ʁe/ |
se soustrairont /sə sus.tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /sə sus.tʁe.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | me soustrairais /mə sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /mə sus.tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
te soustrairais /tə sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /tə sus.tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
se soustrairait /sə sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /sə sus.tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
nous soustrairions /nu sus.tʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ or /nu sus.tʁe.ʁjɔ̃/ |
vous soustrairiez /vu sus.tʁɛ.ʁje/ or /vu sus.tʁe.ʁje/ |
se soustrairaient /sə sus.tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /sə sus.tʁe.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of s'être + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of s'être + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of s'être + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of s'être + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of s'être + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | me soustraie /mə sus.tʁɛ/ |
te soustraies /tə sus.tʁɛ/ |
se soustraie /sə sus.tʁɛ/ |
nous soustrayions /nu sus.tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
vous soustrayiez /vu sus.tʁɛj.je/ |
se soustraient /sə sus.tʁɛ/ |
| imperfect2 | me soustrayasse /mə sus.tʁɛas/ |
te soustrayasses /tə sus.tʁɛas/ |
se soustrayât /sə sus.tʁɛa/ |
nous soustrayassions /nu sus.tʁɛa.sjɔ̃/ |
vous soustrayassiez /vu sus.tʁɛa.sje/ |
se soustrayassent /sə sus.tʁɛas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of s'être + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of s'être + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | soustrais-toi /sus.tʁɛ.twa/ |
— | soustrayons-nous /sus.tʁɛ.jɔ̃.nu/ or /sus.tʁe.jɔ̃.nu/ |
soustrayez-vous /sus.tʁɛ.je.vu/ or /sus.tʁe.je.vu/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of s'être + past participle | — | simple imperative of s'être + past participle | simple imperative of s'être + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms
Descendants
- → Romanian: sustrage
Further reading
- “soustraire”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams
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