traire
French
Etymology
Inherited from Old French traire, treire (“to pull”), from Early Medieval Latin tragō, from Latin trahere (“to pull”), from Proto-Indo-European *tragʰ- (“to draw, drag”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /tʁɛʁ/
- Rhymes: -ɛʁ
audio (file)
Conjugation
This verb traditionally has no past historic or imperfect subjunctive. They would be formed on a -tray- root: *je trayis, *que nous trayissions etc. Forms using the 'a' endings of verbs in -er are now used when there is an unavoidable need to use these forms. The root -trais- was used instead of -tray- in the 18th century, and remains in Swiss and Savoy dialects.
infinitive | simple | traire | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | trayant /tʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /tʁe.jɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | trait /tʁɛ/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | trais /tʁɛ/ |
trais /tʁɛ/ |
trait /tʁɛ/ |
trayons /tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /tʁe.jɔ̃/ |
trayez /tʁɛ.je/ or /tʁe.je/ |
traient /tʁɛ/ |
imperfect | trayais /tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /tʁe.jɛ/ |
trayais /tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /tʁe.jɛ/ |
trayait /tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /tʁe.jɛ/ |
trayions /tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
trayiez /tʁɛj.je/ |
trayaient /tʁɛ.jɛ/ or /tʁe.jɛ/ | |
past historic2 | trayai /tʁɛe/ |
trayas /tʁɛa/ |
traya /tʁɛa/ |
trayâmes /tʁɛam/ |
trayâtes /tʁɛat/ |
trayèrent /tʁɛɛʁ/ | |
future | trairai /tʁɛ.ʁe/ or /tʁe.ʁe/ |
trairas /tʁɛ.ʁa/ or /tʁe.ʁa/ |
traira /tʁɛ.ʁa/ or /tʁe.ʁa/ |
trairons /tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /tʁe.ʁɔ̃/ |
trairez /tʁɛ.ʁe/ or /tʁe.ʁe/ |
trairont /tʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /tʁe.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | trairais /tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
trairais /tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
trairait /tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /tʁe.ʁɛ/ |
trairions /tʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ or /tʁe.ʁjɔ̃/ |
trairiez /tʁɛ.ʁje/ or /tʁe.ʁje/ |
trairaient /tʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /tʁe.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | traie /tʁɛ/ |
traies /tʁɛ/ |
traie /tʁɛ/ |
trayions /tʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
trayiez /tʁɛj.je/ |
traient /tʁɛ/ |
imperfect2 | trayasse /tʁɛas/ |
trayasses /tʁɛas/ |
trayât /tʁɛa/ |
trayassions /tʁɛa.sjɔ̃/ |
trayassiez /tʁɛa.sje/ |
trayassent /tʁɛas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | trais /tʁɛ/ |
— | trayons /tʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /tʁe.jɔ̃/ |
trayez /tʁɛ.je/ or /tʁe.je/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Further reading
- “traire”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French traire.
Verb
traire
- to fire (an arrow)
- c. 1369, Jean Froissart, Chroniques:
- arbalestriers commencierent a traire sur le chastel
- [the] crossbowmen started to fire at the castle
Descendants
- French: traire
Norman
Etymology
From Old French traire, from Early Medieval Latin tragō Latin trahō (“I pull”).
Conjugation
infinitive | traire | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | trayant | ||||||
auxiliary | aveir1 | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | trait | traite | |||||
plural | traits | traites | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | je (j') | tu (t') | il, alle, nos |
je (nos) |
vos | il, alles | |
present | trais | trais | trait | trayoms | trayez | traient | |
imperfect | trayeis | trayeis | trayeit | trayioms | trayiez | trayeient | |
preterite | trayis | trayis | trayit | trayîmes | trayîtes | trayîtrent | |
future | trairai | trairas | traira | trairoms | trairez | trairont | |
conditional | traireis | traireis | traireit | trairioms | trairiez | traireient | |
subjunctive | que je (j') | que te (t') | qu'il, qu'alle, que nos |
que je (que nos) |
que vos | qu'il, qu'alles | |
present | traie | traies | traie | trayioms | trayiez | traient | |
imperfect | trayisse | trayisses | trayît trayisse |
trayissioms | trayissiez | trayissent | |
imperative | — | tu | — | je (nos) |
vos | — | |
trais | trayoms | trayez | |||||
1Used with past participles. |
Occitan
Etymology
From Old Occitan traire, from Early Medieval Latin tragō, from Latin trahere (“to drag, extract, trail”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈtɾaj.ɾe/
Audio (file)
Old French
Etymology
From Early Medieval Latin tragō, from Classical Latin trahō (“I pull”).
Verb
traire
- to pull
- (chiefly of a weapon) to draw; to unsheathe
- to pull out (extract by pulling); to remove (by pulling)
- c. 1150, Thomas d'Angleterre, Le Roman de Tristan, Champion Classiques edition, →ISBN, page 164, line 1980:
- Un anel d'or trait de sun dei
- she removed a gold ring from her finger
- c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:
- A plusurs fist traire les denz
- For many, he pulled out their teeth
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb ends in a palatal stem, so there is an extra i before the e of some endings. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | traire | avoir trait | |||||
gerund | en traiant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
present participle | traiant | ||||||
past participle | trait | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | trai | trais | trait | traions | traiiez, traites | traient |
imperfect | traioie, traieie | traioies, traieies | traioit, traieit | traiiiens, traiiens | traiiiez, traiiez | traioient, traieient | |
preterite | trais | traisis | traist | traisimes | traisistes | traistrent | |
future | trairai | trairas | traira | trairons | trairoiz, traireiz, trairez | trairont | |
conditional | trairoie, traireie | trairoies, traireies | trairoit, traireit | trairiiens, trairiens | trairiiez, trairiez | trairoient, traireient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | traie | traies | traie | traiiens, traions | traiiez | traient |
imperfect | traisisse | traisisses | traisist | traisissons, traisissiens | traisissoiz, traisissez, traisissiez | traisissent | |
compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | trai | — | traions | traiiez | — |
Old Occitan
Etymology
From Early Medieval Latin tragō, from Classical Latin trahō (“I pull”).
Descendants
- Occitan: traire
References
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “trahere”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volumes 13: To–Tyrus, page 177