musty

English
WOTD – 7 December 2022

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

The adjective is derived from Late Middle English musty; further origin uncertain, possibly from one of the following:[1]

  • From Anglo-Norman muste, moste, variants of moiste, muiste (“moist”), from Old French moiste (“clammy, damp, moist, wet”) (modern French moite (“muggy; sticky, sweaty”)), from a blend of Vulgar Latin *mucidus (from Latin mūcidus (“mouldy, musty”), from Old Latin mūceō (“to be mouldy or musty”) + -idus (suffix meaning ‘tending to’, forming adjectives)) + Latin mustum (“unfermented or partially fermented grape juice, must; new wine”) (from mustus (“fresh; young; unfermented”), from Proto-Indo-European *mus-, *mews- (“damp; moss”)).
  • From another language derived from the above Latin words (compare the cognates below).
  • A variant of Middle English mosty, moisti (“damp, humid, wet, moisty; of fruit: moist and juicy”) [and other forms][2] (perhaps influenced by must (“fruit (usually grape) juice which has been or will be fermented”)), from moist, moiste (“damp, humid; moist, wet; well-irrigated, well-watered; liquid; of ale: new; (figuratively) not withered, fresh; carnal, lascivious; raw, undisciplined”) (from Old French moiste: see above)[3] + -i (suffix forming adjectives).[4]

Compare Middle French moisi (“mouldy”), an adjective use of the past participle of moisir (“(to cause) to go mouldy, to moulder”) (modern French moisir), from Latin mūcēre, the present active infinitive of Old Latin mūceō (“to be mouldy or musty”): see above.

The English word is analysable as must (“mould; mustiness”) +‎ -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjectives); however, must is thought to be a back-formation from musty.[5]

The noun[6] and verb[7] are derived from the adjective.

cognates

Adjective

musty (comparative mustier, superlative mustiest)

  1. Affected by dampness or mould; damp, mildewed, mouldy.
    Synonym: fusty
  2. Having an odour or taste of mould; also (generally), having a stale or unfresh odour or taste.
    Synonym: fusty
    musty food    musty furniture    a musty odour
  3. Characteristic of or relating to mould or mouldiness.
  4. (figuratively)
    1. Of attitudes, ideas, writing, or other abstract things: no longer fresh or interesting; outdated, stale.
      Synonym: outmoded
    2. Of a person: boring and unadventurous; also, old-fashioned, stuck in the past.
      Synonym: fogeyish
      • 1637 July, Robert Sanderson, “[Ad Aulam.] Sermon VI. Otelands, July 1637.”, in XXXIV Sermons. […], 5th edition, London: […] [A. Clark] for A. Seil, and are to be sold by G. Sawbridge, […], published 1671, →OCLC, paragraph 10, page 81:
        [T]hey ſettle upon their ovvn dregs, and grovv muddy and muſty vvith long eaſe, and their proſperity befooleth them to their ovvn deſtruction.
      • 1712 September 23 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison; Richard Steele et al.], “FRIDAY, September 12, 1712”, in The Spectator, number 482; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume V, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 375:
        [B]eing married to a bookish man, who has no knowledge of the world, she is forced to take their affairs into her own hands, and to spirit him up now and then, that he may not grow musty, and unfit for conversation.
        The spelling has been modernized.
      • 1824, Geoffrey Crayon [pseudonym; Washington Irving], “The Adventure of the Little Antiquary”, in Tales of a Traveller, part 3 (The Italian Banditti), Philadelphia, Pa.: H[enry] C[harles] Carey & I[saac] Lea, […], →OCLC, page 33:
        My friend the doctor was a thorough antiquary: a little rusty, musty old fellow, always groping among ruins.
    3. (archaic except Northern England (northwest)) Bad-tempered, grumpy, irritable.
Derived terms
Translations
affected by dampness or mould — see damp,‎ mildewed,‎ mouldy
of abstract things: no longer fresh or interesting — see outdated,‎ stale
of a person: boring and unadventurous; also, old-fashioned, stuck in the past — see boring,‎ unadventurous,‎ old-fashioned
bad-tempered, grumpy, irritable — see bad-tempered,‎ grumpy,‎ irritable

Noun

musty (uncountable)

  1. (obsolete) A type of snuff with a musty flavour (adjective sense 2).

Verb

musty (third-person singular simple present musties, present participle mustying, simple past and past participle mustied)

  1. (intransitive, obsolete) To turn musty (adjective sense 1 or 2); to must.
Conjugation
Conjugation of musty
infinitive (to) musty
present tense past tense
1st-person singular musty mustied
2nd-person singular musty, mustiest† mustied, mustiedst†
3rd-person singular musties, mustieth† mustied
plural musty
subjunctive musty mustied
imperative musty —
participles mustying mustied

†Archaic or obsolete.

Etymology 2

From musth (“time during which male elephants exhibit increased levels of sexual activity and aggressiveness”) +‎ -y (suffix meaning ‘having the quality of’ forming adjectives).[8]

Adjective

musty (comparative more musty, superlative most musty)

  1. (rare) Of a male animal such as a camel or an elephant: in musth.
Alternative forms
Translations

References
  1. “musty, adj.2”, in OED Online Paid subscription required⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, June 2022; “musty, adj.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
  2. “moistī, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  3. “moist(e, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  4. “-ī̆, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  5. “must, n.4”, in OED Online Paid subscription required⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, March 2022; “must3, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
  6. “† musty, n.”, in OED Online Paid subscription required⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, June 2018.
  7. “† musty, v.”, in OED Online Paid subscription required⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, March 2019.
  8. “musty, adj.3”, in OED Online Paid subscription required⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, March 2022.

Further reading
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.