gladius
English
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɡlæd.i.əs/
Noun
gladius (plural gladiuses or gladii)
- (historical) A Roman sword roughly two feet long.
- 1882, “The Genesis of the Sword”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume 21, page 81:
- Finally, the Romans made the gladius—sharp, of highly-tempered steel, and strongly piercing—the first real sword (Figs. 17, 18, 19), of which only five specimens are now known to exist.
- 2007, Pat Southern, The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History, page 212:
- The gladius was effective either for cutting or for thrusting and was used by legionaries and auxiliaries.
- (zoology) A pen, a hard internal bodypart of certain cephalopods, made of chitin-like material.
Dutch
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Noun
gladius m (plural gladii, diminutive gladiusje n)
- Roman short sword; gladius
- Hypernym: kortzwaard
Usage notes
Like many Dutch words borrowed from Latin, the plural takes the form of the Latin nominative plural.
See also
Finnish
Etymology
< Latin
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɡlɑdius/, [ˈɡlɑ̝dius̠]
- Rhymes: -ɑdius
- Syllabification(key): gla‧di‧us
Declension
| Inflection of gladius (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | gladius | gladiukset | ||
| genitive | gladiuksen | gladiusten gladiuksien | ||
| partitive | gladiusta | gladiuksia | ||
| illative | gladiukseen | gladiuksiin | ||
| singular | plural | |||
| nominative | gladius | gladiukset | ||
| accusative | nom. | gladius | gladiukset | |
| gen. | gladiuksen | |||
| genitive | gladiuksen | gladiusten gladiuksien | ||
| partitive | gladiusta | gladiuksia | ||
| inessive | gladiuksessa | gladiuksissa | ||
| elative | gladiuksesta | gladiuksista | ||
| illative | gladiukseen | gladiuksiin | ||
| adessive | gladiuksella | gladiuksilla | ||
| ablative | gladiukselta | gladiuksilta | ||
| allative | gladiukselle | gladiuksille | ||
| essive | gladiuksena | gladiuksina | ||
| translative | gladiukseksi | gladiuksiksi | ||
| abessive | gladiuksetta | gladiuksitta | ||
| instructive | — | gladiuksin | ||
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | |||
| Possessive forms of gladius (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Related terms
Latin
gladius
Etymology
Possibly from Gaulish *kladyos (“sword”), from Proto-Celtic *kladiwos (“sword”) (compare Old Irish claideb (“sword”), Welsh cleddyf (“sword”) from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”)).[1] Cognate with Latin clādes, clāva, percellō.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈɡla.di.us/, [ˈɡɫ̪äd̪iʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈɡla.di.us/, [ˈɡläːd̪ius]
Noun
Declension
Second-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gladius | gladiī |
| Genitive | gladiī gladī1 |
gladiōrum |
| Dative | gladiō | gladiīs |
| Accusative | gladium | gladiōs |
| Ablative | gladiō | gladiīs |
| Vocative | gladie | gladiī |
1Found in older Latin (until the Augustan Age).
Descendants
- Gallo-Italic:
- Old Ligurian: iao (“sword”)
- Old Lombard: giaio
- ⇒ Piedmontese: sgiái (“horror”)
- Gallo-Romance:
- Old Catalan: glay, glai (“sword, fright”)
- ⇒ Catalan: esglai (“fright”)
- Old Franco-Provençal: glaio
- Old French: glai, glay (“sword, lance, sword-lily”)
- French: glai (“sword-lily”) (regional)
- Old Occitan: glai (“horror, ice”), glazi (“sword, carnage”) (probably from gladī NOM.PL)
- Auvergnat: glasi (“sword”)
- Limousin: glaize
- Old Catalan: glay, glai (“sword, fright”)
- Italo-Romance:
- Borrowings:
References
- “gladius”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “gladius”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- gladius in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- gladius in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- a sword hangs over his neck: gladius cervicibus impendet
- to use javelins at a distance, swords at close quarters: eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti
- to draw one's sword (from the scabbard): gladium educere (e vagīna)
- to sheath one's sword: gladium in vaginam recondere
- to draw one's sword: gladium stringere, destringere
- to plunge one's sword in some one's breast: gladium alicui in pectus infigere
- to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword: gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere (Liv. 2. 46)
- to fight with swords at close quarters: gladio comminus (opp. eminus) rem gerere
- to throw down the javelins (pila) and fight with the sword: omissis pilis gladiis rem gerere
- swords must now decide the day: res ad gladios vēnit
- swords must now decide the day: res gladiis geri coepta est
- to throw oneself on the enemy with drawn sword: strictis gladiis in hostem ferri
- a sword hangs over his neck: gladius cervicibus impendet
- “gladius”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “gladius”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “gladius”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 4: G H I, page 144
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 263
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