erbyn
Vilamovian
Welsh
Etymology
From Middle Welsh erbyn, from Proto-Brythonic *ar bɨnn, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare kʷennūi (“in front of the head”). Essentially equivalent to ar + pen, but with the umlaut due to the Proto-Celtic inflection.
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈɛrbɨ̞n/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈɛrbɪn/
- Rhymes: -ɛrbɨ̞n
Derived terms
- erbyn hyn (“by this time, by now”)
- erbyn hynny (“by that time, by then”)
Conjunction
erbyn
- by the time that
Derived terms
- yn erbyn (“against”)
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | erbyniaf | erbynni | erbyn | erbyniwn | erbyniwch | erbyniant | erbynnir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/conditional | erbyniwn | erbynit | erbyniai | erbyniem | erbyniech | erbynient | erbynid | |
| preterite | erbyniais | erbyniaist | erbyniodd | erbyniasom | erbyniasoch | erbyniasant | erbyniwyd | |
| pluperfect | erbyniaswn | erbyniasit | erbyniasai | erbyniasem | erbyniasech | erbyniasent | erbyniasid, erbyniesid | |
| present subjunctive | erbyniwyf | erbyniech | erbynio | erbyniom | erbynioch | erbyniont | erbynier | |
| imperative | — | erbynia | erbynied | erbyniwn | erbyniwch | erbynient | erbynier | |
| verbal noun | erbyn | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | — erbyniadwy | |||||||
Derived terms
- cyferbynnu (“to contrast, to oppose”)
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “erbyn”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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