deug

Afrikaans

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /dɪø̯χ/

Etymology 1

From Dutch deugd, from Middle Dutch dōget, from Old Dutch *dugeth, from Proto-Germanic *dugunþō (“usefulness, virtue”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewgʰ- (“to be ready, be sufficient”).

Noun

deug (plural deugde)

  1. virtue
Derived terms
  • ondeug

Etymology 2

From Dutch deugen, from Middle Dutch dōgen, from Old Dutch dugan, from Proto-Germanic *duganą.

Verb

deug (present deug, present participle deugende, past participle gedeug)

  1. (intransitive) to be appropriate, to be adequate, to be fitting
  2. (intransitive) to be decent, to be virtuous

Dutch

Pronunciation
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -øːx

Verb

deug

  1. inflection of deugen:
    1. first-person singular present indicative
    2. imperative

Old Irish

Etymology

Unknown. Originally a u-stem because of the u-coloured e.[1] Related to Welsh diod (“drink”).

Perhaps from Proto-Celtic *de- (“from”) +‎ *gus (“pouring”) from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”), compare Ancient Greek χόη (khóē, “libation”).[2] Or from Proto-Celtic *dīātis,[3] from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”). Or related to *dʰǵʰúHs (“fish”) (see there).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /dʲeu̯ɣ/

Noun

deug f (genitive dige)

  1. drink
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 27a24
      Nachib·mided .i. nachib·berar i smachtu rechta fetarlicce, inna ndig et a mbiad, inna llíthu et a ssapati, act bad foirbthe far n‑iress.
      Let him not judge you, i.e. do not be borne into the institutions of the Law of the Old Testament, into their drink and their food, into their festivals and their sabbaths; but let your faith be perfect.
  2. draught
  3. potion

Inflection
Feminine ā-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative deugL digL deugaH
Vocative deugL digL deugaH
Accusative digN digL deugaH
Genitive digeH deugL deugN
Dative digL deugaib deugaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Descendants
  • Middle Irish: deog, deoch
    • Irish: deoch
    • Manx: jough
    • Scottish Gaelic: deoch

Mutation
Old Irish mutation
RadicalLenitionNasalization
deog deog
pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/		 ndeog
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  1. Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 308, page 195
  2. Vendryes, Joseph (1996) “deog”, in Lexique Étymologique de l'Irlandais Ancien [Etymological lexicon of Old Irish] (in French), volume D, Dublin, Paris: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, page D-51f.
  3. R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “deug”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Further reading

Scottish Gaelic

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Middle Irish déc, from Old Irish deec, deac, from Proto-Celtic *dekam-kʷe (literally “and ten”), with loss of the first k by dissimilation.[1] Cognate with Irish déag and Manx jeig.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /tʲiək/, /tʃiək/

Numeral

deug

  1. -teen

Usage notes
  • Used not as a suffix but as a separate word:
    ochd ― eight
    ochd deug ― eighteen

Derived terms

References
  1. Schrijver, Peter (1993) “Varia IV. OIr. dëec, dëac”, in Ériu, volume 44, pages 181–84
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