cysgu

Welsh
Cysgu

Alternative forms
  • cysgaid (obsolete)
  • cysgwyd (obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle Welsh kyscu, from Proto-Brythonic *kuskɨd, from Proto-Celtic *kuxsketi (compare Cornish koska, Breton kousket), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb- (compare Latin cubō (“I recline”)).

Pronunciation
  • (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈkəsɡɨ̞/, [ˈkʰəskɨ̞]
  • (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈkəsɡi/, [ˈkʰəski]
  • Rhymes: -əsɡɨ̞

Verb

cysgu (first-person singular present cysgaf)

  1. (intransitive) sleep (rest in state of reduced consciousness)

Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future cysgaf cysgi cwsg, cysga cysgwn cysgwch cysgant cysgir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/
conditional		 cysgwn cysgit cysgai cysgem cysgech cysgent cysgid
preterite cysgais cysgaist cysgodd cysgasom cysgasoch cysgasant cysgwyd
pluperfect cysgaswn cysgasit cysgasai cysgasem cysgasech cysgasent cysgasid, cysgesid
present subjunctive cysgwyf cysgych cysgo cysgom cysgoch cysgont cysger
imperative — cwsg, cysga cysged cysgwn cysgwch cysgent cysger
verbal noun cysgu
verbal adjectives cysgedig
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
future cysga i, cysgaf i cysgi di cysgith o/e/hi, cysgiff e/hi cysgwn ni cysgwch chi cysgan nhw
conditional cysgwn i, cysgswn i cysget ti, cysgset ti cysgai fo/fe/hi, cysgsai fo/fe/hi cysgen ni, cysgsen ni cysgech chi, cysgsech chi cysgen nhw, cysgsen nhw
preterite cysgais i, cysges i cysgaist ti, cysgest ti cysgodd o/e/hi cysgon ni cysgoch chi cysgon nhw
imperative — cysga — — cysgwch —
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.
  • Alternative verbal adjective: cysgiedig

Derived terms
  • cysgadur (“sleeper”)
  • cysgu fel clawdd (“to sleep like a log”)
  • gaeafgysgu (“hibernate”)
  • hafgysgu (“to aestivate”)
  • cysgu yn llety'r falwen (“to sleep by an outside wall”, literally “to sleep in the snail's lodgings”)

Mutation
Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
cysgu gysgu nghysgu chysgu
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “cysgaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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