cupio

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *kupiō, from a Proto-Indo-European root akin to *kwep- (“to smoke, boil, move violently”); see also Lithuanian kūpėti (“to boil over”), Old Church Slavonic кꙑпѣти (kypěti, “to boil”), Sanskrit कुप्यति (kúpyati, “become agitated, bubbles up”), English hope.

Pronunciation

Verb

cupiō (present infinitive cupere, perfect active cupīvī or cupiī, supine cupītum); third conjugation iō-variant

  1. to desire, long for
    Synonyms: requīrō, affectō, aveō, quaerō, studeō, concupiō, indigeō, petō, sitiō, expetō, circumspiciō, spectō, voveō, appetō
    Antonyms: āversor, abhorreō

Conjugation
   Conjugation of cupiō (third conjugation iō-variant)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present cupiō cupis cupit cupimus cupitis cupiunt
imperfect cupiēbam cupiēbās cupiēbat cupiēbāmus cupiēbātis cupiēbant
future cupiam cupiēs cupiet cupiēmus cupiētis cupient
perfect cupīvī,
cupiī		 cupīvistī,
cupiistī,
cupīstī1		 cupīvit,
cupiit,
cupīt1		 cupīvimus,
cupiimus,
cupīmus1		 cupīvistis,
cupiistis,
cupīstis1		 cupīvērunt,
cupīvēre,
cupiērunt,
cupiēre,
cupīrunt1
pluperfect cupīveram,
cupieram,
cupīram1		 cupīverās,
cupierās,
cupīrās1		 cupīverat,
cupierat,
cupīrat1		 cupīverāmus,
cupierāmus,
cupīrāmus1		 cupīverātis,
cupierātis,
cupīrātis1		 cupīverant,
cupierant,
cupīrant1
future perfect cupīverō,
cupierō,
cupīrō1		 cupīveris,
cupieris,
cupīris1		 cupīverit,
cupierit,
cupīrit1		 cupīverimus,
cupierimus,
cupīrimus1		 cupīveritis,
cupieritis,
cupīritis1		 cupīverint,
cupierint,
cupīrint1
passive present cupior cuperis,
cupere		 cupitur cupimur cupiminī cupiuntur
imperfect cupiēbar cupiēbāris,
cupiēbāre		 cupiēbātur cupiēbāmur cupiēbāminī cupiēbantur
future cupiar cupiēris,
cupiēre		 cupiētur cupiēmur cupiēminī cupientur
perfect cupītus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect cupītus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect cupītus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present cupiam cupiās cupiat cupiāmus cupiātis cupiant
imperfect cuperem cuperēs cuperet cuperēmus cuperētis cuperent
perfect cupīverim,
cupierim,
cupīrim1		 cupīverīs,
cupierīs,
cupīrīs1		 cupīverit,
cupierit,
cupīrit1		 cupīverīmus,
cupierīmus,
cupīrīmus1		 cupīverītis,
cupierītis,
cupīrītis1		 cupīverint,
cupierint,
cupīrint1
pluperfect cupīvissem,
cupiissem,
cupīssem1		 cupīvissēs,
cupiissēs,
cupīssēs1		 cupīvisset,
cupiisset,
cupīsset1		 cupīvissēmus,
cupiissēmus,
cupīssēmus1		 cupīvissētis,
cupiissētis,
cupīssētis1		 cupīvissent,
cupiissent,
cupīssent1
passive present cupiar cupiāris,
cupiāre		 cupiātur cupiāmur cupiāminī cupiantur
imperfect cuperer cuperēris,
cuperēre		 cuperētur cuperēmur cuperēminī cuperentur
perfect cupītus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect cupītus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — cupe — — cupite —
future — cupitō cupitō — cupitōte cupiuntō
passive present — cupere — — cupiminī —
future — cupitor cupitor — — cupiuntor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives cupere cupīvisse,
cupiisse,
cupīsse1		 cupītūrum esse cupī cupītum esse cupītum īrī
participles cupiēns — cupītūrus — cupītus cupiendus,
cupiundus
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
cupiendī cupiendō cupiendum cupiendō cupītum cupītū

1At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Descendants
  • Sardinian: cubere
  • Walloon: keûre
  • →⇒ English: cupiosexual

Reflexes of the Late Latin variant cupīre:

  • Franco-Provençal: kvi, kevi
  • Old French: covir
    • Norman: coui
  • Old Occitan: cobir
  • >? Sardinian: cubire

Reflexes of the Late Latin variant cupiscere:

  • Franc-Comtois: quevatre

References

Further reading
  • “cupio”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • cupio in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
    • to be favourably disposed towards: alicuius causa velle or cupere
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