cruach

Irish

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /kɾˠuəx/[1]
  • (Ulster) IPA(key): /kɾˠɔx/ (when unstressed in the phrase cruach fhéir (“hayrick”) /kɾˠɔxˈeiɾʲ/)[2]

Etymology 1

From crua (“hard”) +‎ -ach.

Alternative forms

Noun

cruach f (genitive singular cruach)

  1. steel (metal alloy)
Declension
Declension of cruach

Fourth declension

Bare forms (no plural of this noun)

Case Singular
Nominative cruach
Vocative a chruach
Genitive cruach
Dative cruach

Forms with the definite article

Case Singular
Nominative an chruach
Genitive na cruach
Dative leis an gcruach

don chruach

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Middle Irish crúach, from Old Irish crúach (“stack; mountain, hill”),[3] from Proto-Celtic *krowkos (“heap”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”), shared with Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap”), Lithuanian kruvà (“heap”).[4][5]

Noun

cruach f (genitive singular cruaiche, nominative plural cruacha)

  1. stack (of corn or hay), pile
  2. (geography) hill, mountain
Declension
Declension of cruach

Second declension

Bare forms

Case Singular Plural
Nominative cruach cruacha
Vocative a chruach a chruacha
Genitive cruaiche cruach
Dative cruach
cruaich (archaic, dialectal)		 cruacha

Forms with the definite article

Case Singular Plural
Nominative an chruach na cruacha
Genitive na cruaiche na gcruach
Dative leis an gcruach
leis an gcruaich (archaic, dialectal)

don chruach
don chruaich (archaic, dialectal)

 leis na cruacha
Descendants
  • → English: croagh
  • →⇒ Yola: kurkeen

Verb

cruach (present analytic cruachann, future analytic cruachfaidh, verbal noun cruachadh, past participle cruachta)

  1. (transitive) stack; pile
Conjugation
conjugation of cruach (first conjugation – A)
singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative present cruachaim cruachann tú;
cruachair†		 cruachann sé, sí cruachaimid cruachann sibh cruachann siad;
cruachaid†		 a chruachann; a chruachas /
a gcruachann*; a gcruachas*		 cruachtar
past chruach mé; chruachas chruach tú; chruachais chruach sé, sí chruachamar; chruach muid chruach sibh; chruachabhair chruach siad; chruachadar a chruach /
ar chruach*		 cruachadh
past habitual chruachainn / gcruachainn‡‡ chruachtá / gcruachtᇇ chruachadh sé, sí / gcruachadh sé, s퇇 chruachaimis; chruachadh muid / gcruachaimis‡‡; gcruachadh muid‡‡ chruachadh sibh / gcruachadh sibh‡‡ chruachaidís; chruachadh siad / gcruachaidís‡‡; gcruachadh siad‡‡ a chruachadh /
a gcruachadh*		 chruachtaí / gcruachta퇇
future cruachfaidh mé;
cruachfad		 cruachfaidh tú;
cruachfair†		 cruachfaidh sé, sí cruachfaimid;
cruachfaidh muid		 cruachfaidh sibh cruachfaidh siad;
cruachfaid†		 a chruachfaidh; a chruachfas /
a gcruachfaidh*; a gcruachfas*		 cruachfar
conditional chruachfainn / gcruachfainn‡‡ chruachfá / gcruachfᇇ chruachfadh sé, sí / gcruachfadh sé, s퇇 chruachfaimis; chruachfadh muid / gcruachfaimis‡‡; gcruachfadh muid‡‡ chruachfadh sibh / gcruachfadh sibh‡‡ chruachfaidís; chruachfadh siad / gcruachfaidís‡‡; gcruachfadh siad‡‡ a chruachfadh /
a gcruachfadh*		 chruachfaí / gcruachfa퇇
subjunctive present go gcruacha mé;
go gcruachad†		 go gcruacha tú;
go gcruachair†		 go gcruacha sé, sí go gcruachaimid;
go gcruacha muid		 go gcruacha sibh go gcruacha siad;
go gcruachaid†		 — go gcruachtar
past dá gcruachainn dá gcruachtá dá gcruachadh sé, sí dá gcruachaimis;
dá gcruachadh muid		 dá gcruachadh sibh dá gcruachaidís;
dá gcruachadh siad		 — dá gcruachtaí
imperative cruachaim cruach cruachadh sé, sí cruachaimis cruachaigí;
cruachaidh†		 cruachaidís — cruachtar
verbal noun cruachadh
past participle cruachta

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Derived terms

Mutation
Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
cruach chruach gcruach
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  1. Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 151, page 59
  2. Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 27, page 14
  3. G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 crúach”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  4. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “krowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27
  5. Pokorny, Julius (1959) chapter 616, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 616

Further reading

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /kʰɾuəx/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish crúach (“stack of corn; rick; heap, conical pile; mountain, hill”), from Proto-Celtic *krowko- (“heap”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *krā(u)- (“to heap up”), shared with Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap”), Lithuanian krûvà (“heap”).[1][2]

Noun

cruach f (genitive singular cruaiche, plural cruachan)

  1. pile, heap, stack
Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Old Irish crúachaid (“heaps, piles”), from crúach (“heap, pile”).

Verb

cruach (past chruach, future cruachaidh, verbal noun cruachadh, past participle cruachte)

  1. pile or heap up
  2. make into a stack

Mutation
Scottish Gaelic mutation
Radical Lenition
cruachchruach
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  1. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “krowko”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27
  2. Pokorny, Julius (1959) chapter 1513, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1513
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