bwrw

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh bwrw, from Proto-Brythonic *burɣid, from Proto-Celtic *borgīti (compare Old Irish ·díbairg (“throws”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti, an "eye"-causative form of *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up, elevate”).[1]

Pronunciation

Verb

bwrw (first-person singular present bwriaf)

  1. To hit
  2. To strike
  3. To cast
  4. To overthrow
  5. (weather) To precipitate
    Mae hi'n bwrw glaw
    It's raining
    (literally, “It's casting rain”)

Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future bwriaf bwri bwria bwriwn bwriwch bwriant bwrir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/conditional bwriwn bwrit bwriai bwriem bwriech bwrient bwrid
preterite bwriais bwriaist bwriodd bwriasom bwriasoch bwriasant bwriwyd
pluperfect bwriaswn bwriasit bwriasai bwriasem bwriasech bwriasent bwriasid, bwriesid
present subjunctive bwriwyf bwriech bwrio bwriom bwrioch bwriont bwrier
imperative — bwra, bwria bwried bwriwn bwriwch bwrient bwrier
verbal noun bwrw
verbal adjectives bwriedig
—
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
future bwria i, bwriaf i bwri di bwrith o/e/hi, bwriff e/hi bwriwn ni bwriwch chi bwrian nhw
conditional bwriwn i, bwriswn i bwriet ti, bwriset ti bwriai fo/fe/hi, bwrisai fo/fe/hi bwrien ni, bwrisen ni bwriech chi, bwrisech chi bwrien nhw, bwrisen nhw
preterite bwriais i, bwries i bwriaist ti, bwriest ti bwriodd o/e/hi bwrion ni bwrioch chi bwrion nhw
imperative — bwria — — bwriwch —
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Derived terms
  • bwrw glaw (“to rain”)
  • bwrw eira (“to snow”)
  • bwrw cesair (“to hail”)
  • bwrw ymlaen (“to press on, to keep going”)

Mutation
Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
bwrw fwrw mwrw unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “bwrw”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
  1. Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 55–56
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