bés
See also: Appendix:Variations of "bes"
Old Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bʲeːs/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Celtic *banssus, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-. According to another theory, the word might derive from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- instead, making it cognate with Albanian besë as an Albanian/Celtic isogloss.[1]
Noun
bés m (genitive béso)
- custom
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4d15
- In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.
- The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit against it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4d15
- manner (customary method of acting; habit)
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 9a14
- Bed adthramli .i. gaibid comarbus for n-athar et intamlid a béssu.
- Be pl fatherlike, i.e. take your father’s heritage and imitate his manners
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 9a14
For more quotations using this term, see Citations:bés.
Declension
| Masculine u-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | bés | bésL | bésaeH, bésse |
| Vocative | bés | bésL | bésu, béssu |
| Accusative | bésN | bésL | bésu, béssu |
| Genitive | bésoH, béessoH | bésoL, béessoL | bésaeN |
| Dative | bésL | bésaib, béssaib | bésaib, béssaib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
| |||
Alternative forms
- béss, bǽs
Adverb
bés (precedes the verb, which is in the subjunctive)
- perhaps
- c. 850, Carlsruhe Glosses on St Augustine’s Soliloquia, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. 2, pp. 1–9, Acr. 14a2
- Bés as·bera-su as n‑ai⟨n⟩m dosom animus ci at·bela.
- Maybe you would say that animus is its name though it may die.
- c. 850, Carlsruhe Glosses on St Augustine’s Soliloquia, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. 2, pp. 1–9, Acr. 14a2
Derived terms
- bésu, béso (combined with the present subjunctive of the copula)
Mutation
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| bés | bés pronounced with /v(ʲ)-/ |
mbés |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 bés ‘custom’”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “2 bés ‘perhaps’”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
References
- Trumper, John. "Some Celto‑Albanian isoglosses and their implications." Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond. In honour of Leonardo M. Savoia (2018).
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