aller

See also: aller- and Aller

Translingual

Etymology

From French allez, from French aller (“go”).

Noun

aller

  1. (fencing) The command to start; used regardless of language of the participants; in the sequence "en garde, prêt, aller".
    Coordinate terms: en garde, prêt

See also

Dutch

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɑ.lər/
  • Audio(file)
  • Hyphenation: al‧ler

Determiner

aller

  1. of all; (archaic) genitive plural of al
    Tot op heden is Van Beethoven nog steeds één van de beroemdste en meest invloedrijke musici aller tijden.
    To this day, Beethoven is still one of the most famous and influential musicians of all time.

French

Alternative forms
  • vader (Acadia, Louisiana)

Etymology

A suppletive verb; Latin vadere supplies the present tense, while īre supplies the future and conditional. The all- forms derive from Middle French aller, from Old French aler (with subjunctive aill- and other forms with all-), from Early Medieval Latin alāre (attested in the Reichenau Glosses), further origin is obscure, although it was traditionally explained being derived from Latin ambulāre (see below). Cognates include Franco-Provençal allar and Friulian lâ (“to go”).

More explanation

Many explanations have been proposed for the etymology of this all- stem but none has met with a unanimous agreement among philologists. The all- stem has traditionally been explained as deriving from Latin ambulāre via or together with ambler (compare Old Occitan amblar, Italian ambiare, Romanian umbla), but this explanation is phonologically problematic; ambler is additionally more likely a borrowing from Old Occitan. Several theories have been put forth since the 17th century to explain how ambulāre could have become aller.[1]

Since at least the 18th century, some have suggested that aller derives not from Latin but from Celtic,[2][3] from Proto-Celtic zero grade *ɸal-. Compare Welsh elwyf (“I may go”), Cornish ellev (“I may go”), from full grade *ɸel- (see mynd for more).

Another theory was proposed in 1934 by E.F. Parker,[4] suggesting that aller derives from Late Latin *allāre which would have been back-formed from allātum, past participle of afferre (“bring”). The idiomatic phrase allātum esse (“to be brought”) is recorded in Classical Latin with a meaning derivation from being brought to to have been to, in which the past participle *allātus would have been taken as meaning to go and would have then inspired a new infinitive *allāre.

Pronunciation

Verb

aller

  1. to go [+ à (location) = to]
    Je vais au magasin. ― I'm going to the store.
    On y va. ― Let's go.
  2. to attend (school, church regularly) [+ à (object)]
    aller à l’école ― to attend school
  3. (when followed by an infinitive verb) to be going (to); will soon; forms a near-future tense
    Il allait visiter sa famille. ― He was going to visit his family.
    Je vais aller au magasin. ― I will go to the store.
  4. (when followed by an adverb) to be (feeling)
    J’espère que tu vas bien. ― I hope you are well.
    Tout ira bien ― All will be well.
  5. to go well [+ avec (object) = with (clothes, colors, etc.)]
  6. to suit [+ à (someone)]
    Cette robe te va bien ! ― That dress suits you well!
  7. to be X-proof (to be suitable for use in an appliance without running the risk of being damaged in the process) [+ à (object)]
    aller au four ― to be ovenproof
    aller au micro-ondes ― to be microwave safe
    aller au lave-vaisselle ― to be dishwasher proof

Conjugation

The verb aller has a unique and highly irregular conjugation. The second-person singular imperative va additionally combines with y to form vas-y instead of the expected va-y.

Conjugation of aller (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple aller
compound être + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple allant
/a.lɑ̃/
compound étant + past participle
past participle allé
/a.le/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses)		 present vais
/vɛ/		 vas
/va/		 va
/va/		 allons
/a.lɔ̃/		 allez
/a.le/		 vont
/vɔ̃/
imperfect allais
/a.lɛ/		 allais
/a.lɛ/		 allait
/a.lɛ/		 allions
/a.ljɔ̃/		 alliez
/a.lje/		 allaient
/a.lɛ/
past historic2 allai
/ale/		 allas
/ala/		 alla
/ala/		 allâmes
/alam/		 allâtes
/alat/		 allèrent
/alɛʁ/
future irai
/i.ʁe/		 iras
/i.ʁa/		 ira
/i.ʁa/		 irons
/i.ʁɔ̃/		 irez
/i.ʁe/		 iront
/i.ʁɔ̃/
conditional irais
/i.ʁɛ/		 irais
/i.ʁɛ/		 irait
/i.ʁɛ/		 irions
/i.ʁjɔ̃/		 iriez
/i.ʁje/		 iraient
/i.ʁɛ/
(compound
tenses)		 present perfect present indicative of être + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of être + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of être + past participle
future perfect future of être + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of être + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)		 present aille
/aj/		 ailles
/aj/		 aille
/aj/		 allions
/a.ljɔ̃/		 alliez
/a.lje/		 aillent
/aj/
imperfect2 allasse
/alas/		 allasses
/alas/		 allât
/ala/		 allassions
/ala.sjɔ̃/		 allassiez
/ala.sje/		 allassent
/alas/
(compound
tenses)		 past present subjunctive of être + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of être + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — va
/va/		 — allons
/a.lɔ̃/		 allez
/a.le/		 —
compound — simple imperative of être + past participle — simple imperative of être + past participle simple imperative of être + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
  • past historic → present perfect
  • past anterior → pluperfect
  • imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
  • pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Haitian Creole: ale

Noun

aller m (plural allers)

  1. outward trip; journey out; trip away
    aller et retour ― round trip

Derived terms

See also

References
  1. 1939, D. A. Paton, On the origin of aller, in Studies in French Language and Mediaeval Literature, page 301: The opinion that ambulare is the origin of aller has been and is held by so many eminent etymologists that it is with some diffidence I venture to suggest another source. [...] By these suggestions I am not attempting to prove that aller and ambler are of different origin, but only to show that such a theory is not only possible, but probable. The real and to my mind insuperable objection to ambulare as the source of aller is the phonetic question, and here we find that the supporters of ambulare, in explaining its unique development, arrive at their common conclusion by entirely different routes. Ducange would take aller as coming from ambler. Schuchardt's reasoning is as follows: – ambulare to *ammulare to *amlare to aller. [...] More recently, Meyer-Lübke's view is that ambulare was simply contracted to *allare, the contraction being particularly natural in the imperative mood. Gammillscheg also points out that ambulate, used in the army as a word of command, would easily be shortened to *alate.
  2. 1773, Charles Vallancey, A Grammar of the Iberno-Celtic, Or Irish Language, page 84: aill, go thou [...] from hence aller the French verb, to go
  3. 1873, Louis A. Languellier, H. M. Monsanto, A pratical course with the French language, page 487: "words which [...] belong to the ancient Gallic or Celtic speech [...include] aller, to go"
  4. 1939, E. F. Paton, A Defense of the Etymology Allatus, ∗Allare, Aller, in Publications of the Modern Language Association, volume 49, issue 4

Further reading

German

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈalɐ/
  • Audio(file)

Adjective

aller

  1. inflection of all:
    1. strong/mixed nominative masculine singular
    2. strong genitive/dative feminine singular
    3. strong genitive plural

Middle English

Noun

aller

  1. Alternative form of aldre

Middle French

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old French aler.

Verb

aller

  1. to go

Conjugation
  • Like Modern French aller, highly irregular.
  • Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of aller
infinitive simple aller
compound estre + past participle
present participle1 or gerund2 simple allant
compound present participle or gerund of estre + past participle
past participle allé
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative ie (i’) tu il, elle nous vous ilz, elles
(simple
tenses)		 present vays vas va allons allez vont
imperfect allois allois alloit allions alliez alloient
past historic allai allas alla allasmes allastes allerent
future iroye, yroie iras, yras ira, yra irons, yrons irez, yrez iront, yront
conditional irois, yrois irois, yrois iroit, yroit irions, yrions iriez, yriez iroient, yroient
(compound
tenses)		 present perfect present indicative of estre + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of estre + past participle
past anterior past historic of estre + past participle
future perfect future of estre + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of estre + past participle
subjunctive que ie (i’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ilz, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)		 present aille ailles aille allions alliez aillent
imperfect allasse allasses allast allassions allassiez allassent
(compound
tenses)		 past present subjunctive of estre + past participle
pluperfect imperfect subjunctive of estre + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — va — allons allez —
compound — simple imperative of estre + past participle — simple imperative of estre + past participle simple imperative of estre + past participle —
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679.
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180).

Descendants

Norman

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old French aler, alier, from Vulgar Latin *alare (see French aller for further etymology).

Pronunciation
  • Audio (Jersey)(file)

Verb

aller

  1. (Jersey) to go

Antonyms

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse allra.

Adverb

aller

  1. of all, very
    aller første ― very first
    aller siste ― very last

Derived terms

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse allra.

Adverb

aller

  1. of all

Derived terms

References

Old French

Verb

aller

  1. Alternative form of aler

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. This verb is highly irregular and it is suppletive. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of aller (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
simple compound
infinitive aller estre allé
gerund en allant gerund of estre + past participle
present participle allant
past participle allé
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative jo tu il nos vos il
simple
tenses		 present vois, vai vais, vas vait, va alons alez vont
imperfect alloie, alleie, alloe, alleve alloies, alleies, alloes, alleves alloit, alleit, allot, alleve alliiens, alliens alliiez, alliez alloient, alleient, alloent, allevent
preterite allai allas alla allames allastes allerent
future irai iras ira irons iroiz, ireiz, irez iront
conditional iroie, ireie iroies, ireies iroit, ireit iriiens, iriens iriiez, iriez iroient, ireient
compound
tenses		 present perfect present tense of estre + past participle
pluperfect imperfect tense of estre + past participle
past anterior preterite tense of estre + past participle
future perfect future tense of estre + past participle
conditional perfect conditional tense of estre + past participle
subjunctive que jo que tu qu’il que nos que vos qu’il
simple
tenses		 present voise, aille, alge, auge voises, ailles, alges, auges voise, voist, aille, aut, algeṭ, auge voisiens, voisons, alons, ailliens, aillons, algiens, aljons, augiens, aujons voisiez, alez, ailliez, algiez, algez, augiez, augez voisent, aillent, algent, augent
imperfect allasse allasses allast allissons, allissiens allissoiz, allissez, allissiez allassent
compound
tenses		 past present subjunctive of estre + past participle
pluperfect imperfect subjunctive of estre + past participle
imperative – tu – nos vos –
— vas, va — allons allez —

Saterland Frisian

Adjective

aller

  1. older

Scots

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old English alor, from Proto-West Germanic *aliʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aluz, *alusō (compare Swedish al, Saterland Frisian ällerboom), variant of *alizō, *alisō (compare Dutch els, German Erle).

Pronunciation
  • Central Scots
    • (West Central Scots) IPA(key): /ˈɛlər/
  • Southern Scots
    • (Hawick) IPA(key): /ˈɑːlʌɹ/

Noun

aller (plural allers)

  1. alder.

Welsh

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈaɬɛr/

Verb

aller

  1. Soft mutation of galler.

Mutation
Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
galler aller ngaller unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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