< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tъrgati
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
The exact etymology is unclear. The dominant standpoints are:
- Per Derksen, possibly cognate with Latin tergō (“to wipe”), with semantic distortion by influence of *dьrgati (“to tear”).
- Per Vasmer, connected with Sanskrit स्तृहति (stṛháti, “to crush”), तृणेढि (tṛṇéḍhi, “shattered, broken”), perfect ततर्ह (tatarha), perf. pass. part. तृढ (tṛḍhá). Doubtfully connected with Latin trahō (“to drag”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 (þairkō, “hole”).
- Per Chernykh, from Proto-Indo-European *tergʰ-, extended version of *ter- (“to rub”), cognate with Proto-Slavic *terti, Latin terō.
Over time, the term has undergone a semantic drift in certain thematic environments, giving rise to figurative terms such as Russian трогать (trogatʹ, “to affect, to arouse emotionally”) and Bulgarian тръгвам (trǎgvam), Macedonian тргне (trgne, “to depart”). The later semantic development is analogous with Italian partire (“to go away”), French partir (“to depart”) which descend from Latin partīre (“to separate”).
Inflection
Conjugation of *tъrgati, *tъrga, *tъržetь (impf., -a/j-, s-aorist, accent paradigm a)
Suffix: *-ati
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *tъrganьje | *tъrgati | *tъrgatъ | *tъrgalъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *tъrganъ | *tъržemъ |
| Active | *tъrgavъ | *tъržę |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *tъrgaxъ | *tъrga | *tъrga | *tъržǫ | *tъržeši | *tъržetь |
| Dual | *tъrgaxově | *tъrgasta | *tъrgaste | *tъrževě | *tъržeta | *tъržete |
| Plural | *tъrgaxomъ | *tъrgaste | *tъrgašę | *tъržemъ | *tъržete | *tъržǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *tъrgaaxъ | *tъrgaaše | *tъrgaaše | — | *tъrži | *tъrži |
| Dual | *tъrgaaxově | *tъrgaašeta | *tъrgaašete | *tъrživě | *tъržita | — |
| Plural | *tъrgaaxomъ | *tъrgaašete | *tъrgaaxǫ | *tъržimъ | *tъržite | — |
Conjugation of *tъrgati, *tъrga, *tъrgajetь (perf, -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm a)
Suffix: *-ati
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *tъrganьje | *tъrgati | *tъrgatъ | *tъrgalъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *tъrganъ | *tъrgajemъ |
| Active | *tъrgavъ | *tъrgaję |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *tъrgaxъ | *tъrga | *tъrga | *tъrgajǫ | *tъrgaješi | *tъrgajetь |
| Dual | *tъrgaxově | *tъrgasta | *tъrgaste | *tъrgajevě | *tъrgajeta | *tъrgajete |
| Plural | *tъrgaxomъ | *tъrgaste | *tъrgašę | *tъrgajemъ | *tъrgajete | *tъrgajǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *tъrgaaxъ | *tъrgaaše | *tъrgaaše | — | *tъrgaji | *tъrgaji |
| Dual | *tъrgaaxově | *tъrgaašeta | *tъrgaašete | *tъrgajivě | *tъrgajita | — |
| Plural | *tъrgaaxomъ | *tъrgaašete | *tъrgaaxǫ | *tъrgajimъ | *tъrgajite | — |
Related terms
- *tьrzati (“to tear, to pull”)
- *tьrgnǫti (“to pull, to tear out”)
Derived terms
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: търгати (tŭrgati)
- ⇒ Russian: отторга́ть (ottorgátʹ), расторга́ть (rastorgátʹ)
- Ukrainian: то́ргати (tórhaty, “to tear, to pull”)
- Old East Slavic: търгати (tŭrgati)
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “терза́ть”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 238
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tъrgati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 502
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “торга́ть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
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