< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kopati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Reflects the iterative Proto-Balto-Slavic *kаpā́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep-. Parallel to Proto-Slavic *skopiti (“to castrate”) > Old Church Slavonic скопити (skopiti). Cognate with Latvian kapât (“to chop, hew”), Lithuanian kapóti (“to chop, hew”) and akin to Old Prussian enkopts (“buried”).

Per ESSJa, possibly superseded an earlier *kòp(je)ti (pres. 1p. sg. *kòpľǫ, attested in Slovene, Polish, Czech), cognate with Lithuanian kàpti (“to chop”), Ancient Greek κόπτω (kóptō, “to beat, to hit”).

Verb

*kopàti impf (perfective *kopnǫti)[1][2][3]

  1. to dig

Conjugation
Conjugation of *kopati, *kopa, *kopľetь (impf., -a/j-, s-aorist, accent paradigm a)
Suffix: *-ati
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*kopanьje *kopati *kopatъ *kopalъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *kopanъ *kopľemъ
Active *kopavъ *kopľę
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kopaxъ*kopa*kopa *kopľǫ*kopľeši*kopľetь
Dual *kopaxově*kopasta*kopaste *kopľevě*kopľeta*kopľete
Plural *kopaxomъ*kopaste*kopašę *kopľemъ*kopľete*kopľǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st2nd3rd 1st2nd3rd
Singular *kopaaxъ*kopaaše*kopaaše —*kopľi*kopľi
Dual *kopaaxově*kopaašeta*kopaašete *kopľivě*kopľita—
Plural *kopaaxomъ*kopaašete*kopaaxǫ *kopľimъ*kopľite—
Conjugation of *kopati, *kopa, *kopajetь (impf., -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm a)
Suffix: *-ati
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*kopanьje *kopati *kopatъ *kopalъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *kopanъ *kopajemъ
Active *kopavъ *kopaję
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *kopaxъ*kopa*kopa *kopajǫ*kopaješi*kopajetь
Dual *kopaxově*kopasta*kopaste *kopajevě*kopajeta*kopajete
Plural *kopaxomъ*kopaste*kopašę *kopajemъ*kopajete*kopajǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st2nd3rd 1st2nd3rd
Singular *kopaaxъ*kopaaše*kopaaše —*kopaji*kopaji
Dual *kopaaxově*kopaašeta*kopaašete *kopajivě*kopajita—
Plural *kopaaxomъ*kopaašete*kopaaxǫ *kopajimъ*kopajite—

Derived terms
  • *jьzkopati (“to dig up”)
  • *otъkopati (“to dig out”)
  • *vykopati (“to unearth”)
  • *orzkopati (“to excavate”)
  • *perkopati (“to dig again”)
  • *vъkopati (“to imbed”)
  • *okopati (“to trench”)
  • *zakopati (“to bury”)
  • *kopnǫti (“to shovel”)
  • *kopačь (“digger”)
  • *kopъ
    • *kopьcь (“heap”)
    • *jьzkopъ (“earthwork”)
    • *okopъ (“ditch”)
    • *orzkopъka (“excavation”)
  • *kopyto (“hoof”)
  • *kopylo (“young boy”)
  • *kopa (“heap”)
  • *kopьje (“spear”)
  • *čьpľjěti (“to scrape”)
  • *čěpati (“to chop, to peck”)
  • *čěpatъ (“gnarly”)
  • *čepъ (“tap”) (possibly)
    • *čepakъ (“lid”)
    • *čepьcь (“cap”)
    • *čepъka (“cluster”)

Descendants

Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “копать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1984), “*kopati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 11 (*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)), Moscow: Nauka, page 18
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “копая, копвам, копна”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 610

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kopàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 233: “v. ‘dig’”
  2. Olander, Thomas (2001) “kopati: kopajǫ kopajetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a grave (PR 134)”
  3. Snoj, Marko (2016) “kopáti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*kopa̋ti”
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