< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gǫstъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Commonly derived from some enlargement of Proto-Indo-European *gem- (“to squeeze”). Proposed exact etymologies:
- Fraenkel: Possibly directly from *gom- + *-stъ, akin to Latvian guosts (“multitude”), Lithuanian gąstùs (“rich, wealthy”) (from an earlier ganstùs).
- Vasmer, Machek: From an earlier *gǫt- + *-tъ, related to the more rare Proto-Slavic *gǫtьnъ (“dense”) (whence Czech, Slovak hutný).
- Berneker: From an earlier *gn̥ĝ-to-, a perfect passive participle of Proto-Indo-European *genǵ- (“to lump”), akin to Proto-Slavic *gǫžь (“bundle”), Lithuanian gunžỹs (“clump of fodder”), Ancient Greek γογγύλος (gongúlos, “spherical”). Possibly further related to Lithuanian gùnga (“hump, hunchback, clump”), Albanian gungë (“hump”).
Inflection
Accent paradigm c.
Indefinite declension of *gǫstъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *gǫstъ | *gǫsta | *gǫsto |
| genitive | *gǫsta | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
| dative | *gǫstu | *gǫstě | *gǫstu |
| accusative | *gǫstъ | *gǫstǫ | *gǫsto |
| instrumental | *gǫstomь | *gǫstojǫ | *gǫstomь |
| locative | *gǫstě | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| vocative | *gǫste | *gǫsto | *gǫsto |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gǫsta | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| genitive | *gǫstu | *gǫstu | *gǫstu |
| dative | *gǫstoma | *gǫstama | *gǫstoma |
| accusative | *gǫsta | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| instrumental | *gǫstoma | *gǫstama | *gǫstoma |
| locative | *gǫstu | *gǫstu | *gǫstu |
| vocative | *gǫsta | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gǫsti | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
| genitive | *gǫstъ | *gǫstъ | *gǫstъ |
| dative | *gǫstomъ | *gǫstamъ | *gǫstomъ |
| accusative | *gǫsty | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
| instrumental | *gǫsty | *gǫstami | *gǫsty |
| locative | *gǫstěxъ | *gǫstaxъ | *gǫstěxъ |
| vocative | *gǫsti | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
Definite declension of *gǫstъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *gǫstъjь | *gǫstaja | *gǫstoje |
| genitive | *gǫstajego | *gǫstyję̇ | *gǫstajego |
| dative | *gǫstujemu | *gǫstěji | *gǫstujemu |
| accusative | *gǫstъjь | *gǫstǫjǫ | *gǫstoje |
| instrumental | *gǫstyjimь | *gǫstǫjǫ | *gǫstyjimь |
| locative | *gǫstějemь | *gǫstěji | *gǫstějemь |
| vocative | *gǫstъjь | *gǫstaja | *gǫstoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gǫstaja | *gǫstěji | *gǫstěji |
| genitive | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju |
| dative | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima |
| accusative | *gǫstaja | *gǫstěji | *gǫstěji |
| instrumental | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima |
| locative | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju |
| vocative | *gǫstaja | *gǫstěji | *gǫstěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gǫstiji | *gǫstyję̇ | *gǫstaja |
| genitive | *gǫstъjixъ | *gǫstъjixъ | *gǫstъjixъ |
| dative | *gǫstyjimъ | *gǫstyjimъ | *gǫstyjimъ |
| accusative | *gǫstyję̇ | *gǫstyję̇ | *gǫstaja |
| instrumental | *gǫstyjimi | *gǫstyjimi | *gǫstyjimi |
| locative | *gǫstyjixъ | *gǫstyjixъ | *gǫstyjixъ |
| vocative | *gǫstiji | *gǫstyję̇ | *gǫstaja |
Derived terms
- *gǫstiti (“to condense, to compactify”)
- *gǫstežь (“grove”)
- *gǫstěti (sę) (“to thicken, to be dense”)
- *gǫstota, *gǫstyni (“density”)
- *gǫstostь, *gǫstina (“denseness, compactness”)
- *gǫščь, *gǫšča (“thicket”)
- *gǫščarъ, *gǫščina (“grove”)
- *gǫstakъ (“thicket, bush”)
- *gǫstъkъ (“cramped, tight”)
Related terms
- *žęti (“to press”)
- *gomota (“condense matter”)
- *gomoľь, *gomoľa (“clump”)
- *gǫčь (“desne state”)
- *gǫtьnъ (“dense”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “густо́й”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “густой”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 228
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gǫstъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 87
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “гъст”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 305
- “gąstus”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gǫ̑stъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 183: “adj. o (c) ‘dense’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001) “gǫstъ gǫsta gǫsto”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c tæt (PR 138)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016) “gọst²”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gǫ̑stъ”
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