Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/tihām-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*tihām- m

sea

Reconstruction notes

Multiple descendants appear to reflect a feminine variant *tihāmat-, and it is unclear which gender is original.

Inflection

Declension of *tihām-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*tihāmum

*tihāmāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*tihāmim

*tihāmayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*tihāmam

possessive forms

1st person

*tihāmī / *tihāmVya

—

*tihāmVni

2nd person m

*tihāmVka

*tihāmVkumā / *tihāmVkumay

*tihāmVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*tihāmVki

*tihāmVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*tihāmVšu

*tihāmVšumā / *tihāmVšumay

*tihāmVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*tihāmVša

*tihāmVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *tihāmuya for nom. case, *tihāmiya for gen. case, *tihāmaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *tihām-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*tihāmuka	*tihāmāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*tihāmika	*tihāmayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*tihāmaka	*tihāmayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *tihām-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*tihāmuki	*tihāmāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*tihāmiki	*tihāmayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*tihāmaki	*tihāmayki	plural stem + *-īki

Derived terms

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒀀𒀊𒁀 (tiāmtum, “sea, lake”)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: تِهَامَة (tihāma)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: תְּהוֹם (t'hóm, təhôm, “abyss, deep”)
        → Aramaic: תְהוֹמָא / ܬܗܘܿܡܵܐ (təhōmā)
        → Yiddish: תּהום (tom)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎚𐎅𐎎 (thm /⁠tihāmu⁠/), 𐎚𐎅𐎎𐎚 (thmt /⁠tihāmatu⁠/)

References

Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN, page 57
Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 240

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