Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/raʔš-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*raʔš- m

head

Inflection

Declension of *raʔš-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*raʔšum

*raʔšāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*raʔšim

*raʔšayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*raʔšam

possessive forms

1st person

*raʔšī / *raʔšVya

—

*raʔšVni

2nd person m

*raʔšVka

*raʔšVkumā / *raʔšVkumay

*raʔšVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*raʔšVki

*raʔšVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*raʔšVšu

*raʔšVšumā / *raʔšVšumay

*raʔšVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*raʔšVša

*raʔšVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *raʔšuya for nom. case, *raʔšiya for gen. case, *raʔšaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *raʔš-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*raʔšuka	*raʔšāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*raʔšika	*raʔšayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*raʔšaka	*raʔšayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *raʔš-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*raʔšuki	*raʔšāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*raʔšiki	*raʔšayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*raʔšaki	*raʔšayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒊕 (rēšum)
- Eblaite: 𒌷𒉈 (rí-še₆ /riʔši/ [URU.NE])
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: رَأْس (raʔs)
    - Egyptian Arabic: راس (rās)
    - Gulf Arabic: راس (rās)
    - Maltese: ras
    - Moroccan Arabic: راس (rās)
    - → Punjabi: ਰਾਸ (rās)
    - → Swahili: rasi
    - → Ottoman Turkish: رأس (re's)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: רֵישָׁא (rēšā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܪܶܝܫܳܐ (rēšā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: רֹאשׁ (rosh, rōʾš), רָאשִׁים pl (rashím, rāʾšîm), רֵאשִׁית (reshít, rēʾšîṯ, “beginning”), רִאשׁוֹן (rishón, riʾšôn, “first”)
      - Moabite: 𐤓𐤔 (rš)
      - Phoenician: 𐤓𐤀𐤔 (rʾš)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎗𐎛𐎌 (rỉš /⁠raʾšu⁠/)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - (Epigraphic) Old South Arabian: 𐩧𐩱𐩪 (rʾs¹)
    - Sabaean: 𐩧𐩱𐩪 (rʾs¹)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Amharic: ራስ (ras)
  - Ge'ez: ርእስ (rəʾs)
  - Tigre: ረኣስ (räʾas)
  - Tigrinya: ርእሲ (rəʾsi)

References

Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN

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