Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔil-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʔil- m

deity, god

Inflection

Declension of *ʔil-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ʔilum

*ʔilāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*ʔilim

*ʔilayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*ʔilam

possessive forms

1st person

*ʔilī / *ʔilVya

—

*ʔilVni

2nd person m

*ʔilVka

*ʔilVkumā / *ʔilVkumay

*ʔilVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ʔilVki

*ʔilVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ʔilVšu

*ʔilVšumā / *ʔilVšumay

*ʔilVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ʔilVša

*ʔilVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔiluya for nom. case, *ʔiliya for gen. case, *ʔilaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔil-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔiluka	*ʔilāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*ʔilika	*ʔilayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*ʔilaka	*ʔilayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔil-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔiluki	*ʔilāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*ʔiliki	*ʔilayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*ʔilaki	*ʔilayki	plural stem + *-īki

Coordinate terms

*ʔilāhat-

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒀭 (ilum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: إِلّ (ʔill)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Samaritan Aramaic: ࠀࠢࠋ (ʾĕl), ࠀࠜࠋࠠࠄ (ēla), ࠀࠝࠋࠦࠄࠉ࠙ࠝࠌࠬ (ʾelūwem)
    - Canaanite:
      - Ammonite: 𐤀𐤋𐤌 (ʾlm)
      - Hebrew: אֵל (el, ʾēl)
      - Phoenician: 𐤀𐤋 (ʾl), 𐤀𐤋𐤕 (ʾlt), 𐤀𐤋𐤌 (ʾlm)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎛𐎍 (ỉl /⁠ʾilu⁠/), 𐎛𐎍𐎚 (ỉlt /⁠ʾilatu⁠/)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Old South Arabian: 𐩱𐩡 (ʾl)

Extended form *ʔilāh-:

West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: إِلَٰه (ʔilāh), الله (allāh)
    - Maltese: Alla, alla
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Biblical Aramaic: אֱלָהָא (ʾĕlāhā)
      
      Samaritan Aramaic: ࠀࠣࠋࠟࠄࠟࠄ (ʾĕlāhā)
      - Lishana Deni: אִילָאהָא (ʾīlāhā)
      - Mandaic: ࡀࡋࡀࡄࡀ (alaha)
      - Classical Syriac: ܐܰܠܳܗܳܐ (ʾalāhā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: אֱלוֹהַּ (elóah, ʾĕlốah), אֱלֹהִים (elohím, ʾĕlōhîm)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Old South Arabian: 𐩱𐩡𐩠 (ʾlh)

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