Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔakal-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Verb

*ʔakal-

to eat

Conjugation

Conjugation of Proto-Semitic/ʔakal- (paʕala)

		singular				dual			plural
verbal noun					*ʔakl-
active participle					*ʔākil-
passive participle					ʔakīl-, ʔakūl-
		1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person		1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
perfect	m	*ʔakalku	*ʔakalka	*ʔakala		*ʔakalkayā	*ʔakalkā	*ʔakalā	*ʔakalna	*ʔakalkanu	*ʔakalū
perfect	f	*ʔakalku	*ʔakalki	*ʔakalat		*ʔakalkayā	*ʔakalkā	*ʔakalatā	*ʔakalna	*ʔakalkina	*ʔakalā

imperfect	m	*ʔākul	*taʔkul	*yiʔkul			*taʔkulā	*yaʔkulā	*niʔkul	*taʔkulū	*yiʔkulū
imperfect	f	*ʔākul	*taʔkulī	*taʔkul			*taʔkulā	*taʔkulā	*niʔkul	*taʔkulā	*yiʔkulā

imperative	m		*ʔakul				*ʔakulā			*ʔakulū
imperative	f		*ʔakulī				*ʔakulā			*ʔakulā

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒅥 (akālum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: أَكَلَ (ʔakala)
    - Egyptian Arabic: أكل (ʔakal)
    - Gulf Arabic: كلى (kila, kala), كَلَا (kila, kala)
    - Maltese: kiel
    - Moroccan Arabic: كال (kāl), كلى (klā)
    - South Levantine Arabic: أكل (ʔakal)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: אֲכַל (ʾăḵal)
      - Classical Syriac: ܐܶܟܰܠ (ʾeḵal)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: אָכַל (akhál, ʾāḵal)
      - Phoenician: 𐤀𐤊𐤋 (ʾkl)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎋𐎍 (ảkl /⁠ʾakala⁠/)

Noun

*ʔakal- m

food

Declension

Declension of *ʔakal-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ʔakalum

*ʔakalāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*ʔakalim

*ʔakalayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*ʔakalam

possessive forms

1st person

*ʔakalī / *ʔakalVya

—

*ʔakalVni

2nd person m

*ʔakalVka

*ʔakalVkumā / *ʔakalVkumay

*ʔakalVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ʔakalVki

*ʔakalVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ʔakalVšu

*ʔakalVšumā / *ʔakalVšumay

*ʔakalVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ʔakalVša

*ʔakalVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔakaluya for nom. case, *ʔakaliya for gen. case, *ʔakalaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔakal-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔakaluka	*ʔakalāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*ʔakalika	*ʔakalayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*ʔakalaka	*ʔakalayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔakal-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔakaluki	*ʔakalāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*ʔakaliki	*ʔakalayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*ʔakalaki	*ʔakalayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒃻 (akalum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: أَكْل (ʔakl), أُكُل (ʔukul)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: אוּכלָא (ʾuḵlā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܐܽܘܟܠܳܐ (ʾuḵlā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: אֹכֶל (ókhel, ʾṓḵel)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎋𐎍 (ảkl)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Minaean: 𐩱𐩫𐩡 (ʾkl, “food”)
    - Sabaean: 𐩱𐩫𐩡 (ʾkl, “grain”)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Amharic: እህል (ʾəhəl, “grain”)
  - Ge'ez: እክል (ʾəkl, “food, grain”)
  - Harari: እኺ (ʾəxi)
  - Tigre: እክል (ʾəkəl, “grain”)
  - Tigrinya: እኽሊ (ʾəxli, “grain”)

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