Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔabw-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *ʔab-, ultimately an onomatopoeic nursery word. Cognate with Egyptian ꜣbwt, Proto-Berber *ʔabb, Hausa ùbā, Somali aabo, Afar abba.

Noun

*ʔabw- m (plural *ʔaban-)

father

Inflection

Declension of *ʔabw-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ʔabwum

*ʔabwāna

*ʔabanūna

Genitive

*ʔabwim

*ʔabwayna

*ʔabanīna

Accusative

*ʔabwam

possessive forms

1st person

*ʔabwī / *ʔabwVya

—

*ʔabwVni

2nd person m

*ʔabwVka

*ʔabwVkumā / *ʔabwVkumay

*ʔabwVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ʔabwVki

*ʔabwVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ʔabwVšu

*ʔabwVšumā / *ʔabwVšumay

*ʔabwVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ʔabwVša

*ʔabwVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔabwuya for nom. case, *ʔabwiya for gen. case, *ʔabwaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔabw-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔabwuka	*ʔabwāka	*ʔabanūka
Genitive	*ʔabwika	*ʔabwayka	*ʔabanīka
Accusative	*ʔabwaka	*ʔabwayka	*ʔabanīka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔabw-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔabwuki	*ʔabwāki	*ʔabanūki
Genitive	*ʔabwiki	*ʔabwayki	*ʔabanīki
Accusative	*ʔabwaki	*ʔabwayki	*ʔabanīki

Reconstruction notes

The final consonant of the stem is inferred based on construct forms, but Kogan reconstructs this item as *ʔab- instead.

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒀀𒁀 (abum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: أَب (ʔab) (see there for further descendants)
    - Maltese: bu
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: אַבָּא (’abā’)
      - Classical Syriac: ܐܰܒ݂ܳܐ (’aḇā’)
      - → Ancient Greek: ἀββα (abba) (see there for further descendants)
    - Canaanite:
      - Ammonite: 𐤀𐤁 (ʾb)
      - Edomite: 𐤀𐤁 (ʾb)
      - Hebrew: אָב (av, ʾāḇ)
      - Moabite: 𐤀𐤁 (ʾb)
      - Phoenician: 𐤀𐤁 (ʾb /⁠ʾab⁠/)
        Punic: 𐤀𐤁 (ʾb /⁠ʾab⁠/)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎁 (ảb /⁠ʾabu⁠/)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Minaean: 𐩱𐩨 (ʾb)
    - Qatabanian: 𐩱𐩨 (ʾb)
    - Sabaean: 𐩱𐩨 (ʾb)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Amharic: አባት (ʾabbat)
  - Ge'ez: አብ (ʾäb)
  - Tigre: አብ (ʾäb)
  - Tigrinya: ኣቦ (ʾabo)

References

Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN

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