< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tres-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*tres- (imperfective)[1][2]

  1. to tremble (with fear)

Synonyms

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tres-‎ (6 c, 0 e)
  • *trés-e-ti (thematic present)[3]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *tréhō
      • Ancient Greek: τρέω (tréō)
      • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trestós
        • Ancient Greek: ἄτρεστος (átrestos)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trásati
        • Sanskrit: त्रसति (trásati) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trastás
          • Sanskrit: त्रस्त (trastá)
  • *tr̥s-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-inchoative)[4]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥sćáti
      • Proto-Iranian: *tr̥ŝáti (see there for further descendants)
  • *tros-éye-ti (causative)[5]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trāsáyati (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *trozeō
      • Latin: terreō
      • Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tusetu), tursitu (3sg.ipv.II); 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (tusetutu), tursotuto (3p.ipv.II), tursiandu (3p.pr.sb.ps.)
  • *tr̥s-éh₂[5]
    • Proto-Italic: *torsā (The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies)
      • Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄 (tupse), 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄 (tuse), turse (dat.sg.); tursar (gen.sg.); tursa (voc.sg.)
  • *trés-mn̥
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásma
      • Proto-Iranian: *θráhma (see there for further descendants)
  • *tr̥s-ró-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *trəhrós
      • Ancient Greek: τρηρόν (trērón), τρήρων (trḗrōn)
        Doric Greek: τρᾱρόν (trārón), τᾱρόν (tārón)
  • *tr̥s-tó-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás
      • Proto-Iranian: *tr̥štáh
        • Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (taršta)
        • Parthian: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠tarsīd⁠/)
          Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tlsyt)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “tres-, ters-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1095
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*tres-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 650-651
  3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τρέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1507-1508
  4. Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*θrah-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 393-394
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “terreō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 617
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