< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sekʷ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*sekʷ- (imperfective)[1][2]

  1. to follow

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sekʷ- (follow)‎ (16 c, 0 e)
  • *sékʷ-e-tor (mediopassive root present)[3][4][5][6][7]
  • *sékʷ-t ~ *skʷ-ént (aorist)
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ἑσπόμην (hespómēn)
    • Indo-Iranian:
      • Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: सचान (sacāná, aor.med.part.), सचीमहि (sacīmahi, 1pl.aor.med.opt.)
      • Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬵𐬇𐬗𐬁 (hə̄cā, 1sg.aor.subj.), 𐬯𐬗𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬏 (scaṇtū, 3pl.aor.imp.)
  • *sékʷ-eh₂
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáčaH
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáćaH
      • Proto-Iranian: *háčaH (“of, from”, prep.) (see there for further descendants)
  • *sekʷ-o-
  • *sokʷ-h₂-ṓy ~ *sokʷ-h₂-y-ós[8][9]
    • Proto-Germanic: *sagjaz (“retainer, warrior”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sákʰā (“friend, companion”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Italic:
      • Old Latin: sokios (“sharing, joining, allied”)
        • Latin: socius (“sharing, joining, allied”)
      • Faliscan: socia (“female companion, girlfriend”)
  • *sekʷ-tó-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *saktás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *saktás
      • Proto-Iranian: *haxtáh
        • Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬀 (haxta)
        • Parthian: 𐫍𐫟𐫤 (hxt), 𐫍𐫟𐫘𐫀𐫅 (hxsʾd)
        • Middle Persian: [script needed] (hʾht /⁠hāxt⁠/)
    • Proto-Italic: *sektos
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Albanian: *sākska
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ὀπάων (opáōn), ὀπηδός (opēdós)
      • Ancient Greek: ἀοσσέω (aosséō)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *hekʷétās
      • Ancient Greek: ἑπέτης (hepétēs)
      • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀤𐀲 (e-qe-ta)
    • Indo-Iranian

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “seku̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 896-897
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*seku̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 525-526
  3. Derksen, Rick (2015) “sekti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
  4. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*sekʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 328
  5. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἕπομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 447
  6. Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*hač”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 124-125
  7. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sequor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 555-556
  8. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sagja- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 420
  9. Yates, Anthony D. (2019) “Suffixal* o-vocalism without “amphikinesis:” On Proto-Indo-European*–oi-stems and ablaut as a diagnostic for word stress”, in David M. Goldstein, Stephanie W. Jamison, and Brent Vine, editors, Proceedings of the 30th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference

Root

*sekʷ-[1]

  1. to see

Notes

Some sources relate this root to the one above, suggesting that the meaning "see" derives from "follow with the eyes". It has been argued that this an unlikely development, given that "see" is a more basic and primary meaning than "follow", which is more abstract.[2] However, there is no constraint against basic meanings developing from abstract ones; compare e.g. Latvian redzēt (“see”) from *h₃reǵ- (“stretch, etc.”), and Tocharian AB läk- (“see”) from *leǵ- (“gather”).

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sekʷ- (see)‎ (8 c, 0 e)
  • *sekʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)[3][4]
    • Proto-Germanic: *sehwaną (see there for further descendants)
      • *siuniz (see there for further descendants)
  • *sókʷ-o-s, *sokʷ-éh₂ (collective)[5]
    • Proto-Anatolian: *sṓgʷos
      • Hittite: 𒊭𒀀𒆪𒉿 (ša-a-ku-wa /⁠sākuwa⁠/, nom.acc.pl.)
      • Luwian:
        Cuneiform: 𒁕𒀀𒌋𒄿𒅖 (da-a-u-i-iš /⁠tāwīš⁠/)
        Hieroglyphic: [script needed] (ta-wa-)
      • Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊁 (tewe, coll.pl.), 𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊇𐊚 (ñtewẽ, “facing, opposite, towards”)
  • *sekʷ-sḱé-ti or *sokʷ-eh₁-sḱé-ti (innovative *sḱé-presents)[6]
    • Proto-Albanian: *sākska

References
  1. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  2. Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sehwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 431-432
  4. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*seuni-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 434-435
  5. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šākuu̯a-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 812-815
  6. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “shoh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425-426

Root

*sekʷ-[1][2]

  1. to say

Notes

Some sources similarly relate this root to the first above.

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sekʷ- (say)‎ (14 c, 0 e)
  • *sékʷ-e-ti (thematic root present)[3][4]
    • Proto-Celtic: *sekʷeti (“say”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₁en-sékʷ-e-ti
      • Proto-Hellenic: *enhékʷō
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Old Latin: īnseque, īnsece
      • ⇒ *h₁en-skʷ-ih₂
        • Proto-Celtic: *enskʷiā
  • *sokʷ-éye-ti (causative)[5][6]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sákīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
  • *sokʷ-h₁-ye-ti (innovated stative)[7][8]
  • *n̥-skʷ-e-to-
  • *sekʷ-tlo-m
    • Proto-Celtic: *skʷetlom (with metathesis)[9][10]
      • Primitive Irish: *skʷetlan
        • → Proto-Brythonic: *hwedl
          • Middle Welsh: chwetyl
        • Old Irish: scél (“story, news, argument”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *sokʷ-ó-s[11]
    • Proto-Slavic: *sokъ (“accuser”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “seku̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 897-898
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*seku̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 526-527
  3. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*sekʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 328
  4. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “īnsece / inquam”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 304
  5. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sočìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 458
  6. Derksen, Rick (2015) “sakyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
  7. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 133
  8. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sagjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 420
  9. Olsen, Birgit Anette (1988) “5.2.3. *skʷe-tlom”, in The Proto-Indo-European Instrument Noun Suffix *-tlom and its Variants (Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser; 55), Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, →ISBN, page 26
  10. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*skʷetlo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 338–339
  11. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sokъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 459
  12. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sagō(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 421
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