< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nókʷts

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Pooth argues that the word derives from *negʷ- (“bare, naked”), and that the ablaut variants *nékʷt-, *nókʷt- should be analyzed as two separate words, *négʷts and *nógʷts, root nouns meaning "dusk" and "night" respectively, or originally "getting bare (of sunlight)" (action noun) and "the result of getting bare (of sunlight)" (noun with detransitive or middle meaning marked by the vowel *o). This analysis differs from the traditional one, in which *nékʷt-, *nókʷt- are simply ablaut variants used in different parts of the nominal paradigm, with no difference in meaning.[1]

Kloekhorst cites Kroonen that *negʷ- (“bare, naked”) is from *dʰnegʷ- and assumes the initial was dropped "at an early stage".[2]

Noun

*nókʷts f

  1. night (or possibly 'evening')

Inflection
Athematic, acrostatic
singular
nominative *nókʷts
genitive *nékʷts
singular dual plural
nominative *nókʷts *nókʷth₁(e) *nókʷtes
vocative *nókʷt *nókʷth₁(e) *nókʷtes
accusative *nókʷtm̥ *nókʷth₁(e) *nókʷtm̥s
genitive *nékʷts *? *nékʷtoHom
ablative *nékʷts *? *nékʷtmos
dative *nékʷtey *? *nékʷtmos
locative *nékʷt, *nékʷti *? *nékʷtsu
instrumental *nékʷth₁ *? *nékʷtmis

Derived terms
  • *nókʷ-t-u-s ~ *n̥kʷ-t-éw-s[3]
    • Proto-Germanic: *unhtwǭ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *aktúš
    • Proto-Tocharian: *nekʷtu-
      • Tocharian A: nokte (“at night”)
      • Tocharian B: naktiṃ (“last night”)
    • *nokʷt-ew-yo-s
      • Proto-Tocharian: *nekʷcäwye- (“last night, during the night”)[4]

Descendants
  • Proto-Albanian: *naktā (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒉈𒆪𒍖 (ne-ku-uz /⁠nekuz⁠/, “at eventide”, gen.sg.)[5]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *náktis (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *noxs[6]
  • Proto-Germanic: *nahts[7] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *nokʷts[8]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nákts[9]
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nákts
    • Proto-Iranian: *náxts
      • Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀⸱𐬥𐬀𐬑𐬙𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬱𐬎 (upa.naxturušu, “bordering on the night”, loc.pl.)
      • Northern Kurdish: nixte (“rainy or cloudy weather, id. when the Sun doesn't shine”); nûtek (“obscure, pitch-dark”)
      • Wakhi: naɣ̌d
  • Proto-Italic: *nokts[10]
    • Latin: nox (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Pooth, Roland A. (2015) “Proto-Indo-European Nominal Morphology. Part 1. The Noun”, in Language Arts 1‎
  2. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2014) “The Proto-Indo-European Acrostatic Inflection Reconsidered”, in Norbert Oettinger & Thomas Steer, editors, Das Nomen im Indogermanischen, Wiesbade: Reichert Verlag, page 161 of 140–163
  3. Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 302
  4. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “nekcīye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 363
  5. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “neku-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 695-696
  6. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*noxtV-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 293-294
  7. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*naht-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 381
  8. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “νύξ, νυκτός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1027
  9. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “nákt-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 2-3
  10. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “nox”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 416-417

Further reading
  • Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
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