< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/médʰu

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly related to Proto-Semitic *mataḳ- (“sweet”),[1] if not itself borrowed from Hittite 𒃻𒆸𒊏𒆯𒆯 (/⁠mitgaimi⁠/).[2]

Noun

*médʰu n[3][1][4][5][6]

  1. honey
    Synonyms: *kn̥h₂ónks, *mélit
  2. honey wine, mead

Inflection
Athematic, proterokinetic
singular
nominative *médʰu
genitive *m̥dʰéws
singular dual plural
nominative *médʰu *médʰwih₁ *médʰuh₂
vocative *médʰu *médʰwih₁ *médʰuh₂
accusative *médʰu *médʰwih₁ *médʰuh₂
genitive *m̥dʰéws *? *m̥dʰéwoHom
ablative *m̥dʰéws *? *m̥dʰúmos
dative *m̥dʰéwey *? *m̥dʰúmos
locative *m̥dʰéw, *m̥dʰéwi *? *m̥dʰúsu
instrumental *m̥dʰúh₁ *? *m̥dʰúmis

Derived terms
  • >? Proto-Indo-European: *medʰu-h₁éd-[7][8]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medwḗˀdis (from an earlier *médu-ēˀd-is)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *madʰuHád
  • >? *medʰw-o-s
  • >? *mḗdʰu-[9] or *módʰu-[10] (or borrowed from Sogdian 𐼺𐼴𐼹 (mwδ /⁠muδ⁠/)[9])
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian B: mot (“alcohol”)

Descendants
  • Proto-Anatolian: *médu
    • Hittite: 𒃻𒆸𒊏𒆯𒆯 (NINDAKUR4.RA KU7-KU7 /⁠mitgaimi-⁠/, “sweet bread”) (if not borrowed from Akkadian)
    • Luwian: 𒈪𒀉𒂵𒄿𒈪 (mi-it-ga-i-mi /⁠mitgaimi-⁠/, “sweet(ened)”)
    • Luwian: (“wine”)
      Cuneiform script: 𒈠𒀜𒁺 (ma-ad-du /⁠máddu⁠/)
      Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔒅𔕬𔑷 (ma-tú-sà), 𔒅𔑢𔑷 (ma-tu-sà /⁠máddu-sa⁠/)
  • >? Proto-Armenian: *melu̍β̞i[11] (< instr.pl. *medʰubʰi)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *médu (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *medu (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *meduz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *métʰu (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádʰu (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *mádu (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *mHädwV (“type of beverage; liquor”)[15]
  • Proto-Tocharian: *ḿətə[16]
    • Tocharian B: mīt
    • → Late Old Chinese: 蜜 (mit)[17] (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Uralic: *mete[18] (see there for further descendants)
  • → Etruscan: 𐌌𐌀𐌈𐌂𐌅𐌀 (maθcva, “(honeyed) wine, sweet wine”)

References
  1. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 82: “*médhu”
  2. Rabin, Chaim (1963) “Hittite Words in Hebrew”, in Orientalia, volume 32, number 2, →DOI, page 130
  3. Pokorny, Julius (1959) chapter 707, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 707
  4. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 467
  5. Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors ((Can we date this quote?)), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, pages 2235, 2275
  6. Kapović, Mate (2017) “Part 1 Chapter 1: Proto-Indo-European phonology”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 31: “PIE *medʰu ‘mead’”
  7. Langston, Keith (2017–2018) “Chapter XIII: Slavic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Slavic, page 1540
  8. Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 603
  9. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “mot”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 511: “*mēdʰu-”
  10. Hackstein, Olav (2017–2018) “Chapter XII: Tocharian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Tocharian, page 1321
  11. Macak, Martin (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1041
  12. Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ba:l, mır”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 330, 771
  13. Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 59
  14. Witzel, Michael (2009) “The linguistic history of some Indian domestic plants”, in Journal of BioSciences, volume 34, number 6, Indian Academy of Sciences, page 9
  15. Starostin, S. A. (2007) “Indo-European among other language families: problems of dating, contacts and genetic relationships”, in Starostin, G. S., editor, Trudy po jazykoznaniju [Proceedings in Linguistics]‎ (in Russian), Moscow: Jazyki slavjanskix kulʹtur, →ISBN, page 818: “...or *mHädwV ʽa k. of beverage, liquorʼ”
  16. Ringe, D. A., Jr. (1988–1990) “Evidence for the position of Tocharian in the Indo-European family?”, in Die Sprache, volume 34, Vienna: Universität Wien, page 114: “PT *ḿə́tə ‘honey’”
  17. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
  18. Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN
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