< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/mataḳ-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *médʰu (“honey”),[1] if not borrowed from Hittite 𒃻𒆸𒊏𒆯𒆯 (/⁠mitgaimi⁠/).[2] This is unlikely, considering the difference in timeframes between late Proto-Semitic and early Hittite [3].[4]

Verb

*mataḳ-

  1. to be sweet
  2. to make sweet, sweeten

Conjugation
Conjugation of Proto-Semitic/mataḳ- (paʕala)
verbal noun *matḳ-
active participle *mātiḳ-
passive participle *matīḳ-, *matūḳ-
singular dual plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
perfect m *mataḳku *mataḳka *mataḳa *mataḳkayā *mataḳkā *mataḳā *mataḳna *mataḳkanu *mataḳū
f *mataḳki *mataḳat *mataḳatā *mataḳkina *mataḳā
imperfect m *ʔamtiḳ *tamtiḳ *yimtiḳ *tamtiḳā *yamtiḳā *nimtiḳ *tamtiḳū *yimtiḳū
f *tamtiḳī *tamtiḳ *tamtiḳā *tamtiḳā *yimtiḳā
imperative m *matiḳ *matiḳā *matiḳū
f *matiḳī *matiḳā

Descendants
  • East Semitic:
    • Akkadian: 𒈠𒋫𒄣 (matāqum)
  • West Semitic:
    • Central Semitic:
      • Northwest Semitic:
        • Aramaic:
          Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מתק (matteq)
        • Canaanite:
    • Ethiopian Semitic:
      • Ge'ez: መተቀ (mätäḳä)

Noun

*mataḳ- m or f

  1. sweetness
  2. something sweet

Inflection

Masculine:

Declension of *mataḳ-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *mataḳum *mataḳāna plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive *mataḳim *mataḳayna plural stem + *-īna
Accusative *mataḳam
possessive forms
1st person *mataḳī / *mataḳVya — *mataḳVni
2nd person m *mataḳVka *mataḳVkumā / *mataḳVkumay *mataḳVkum(ū)
2nd person f *mataḳVki *mataḳVkin(ā)
3rd person m *mataḳVšu *mataḳVšumā / *mataḳVšumay *mataḳVšum(ū)
3rd person f *mataḳVša *mataḳVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *mataḳuya for nom. case, *mataḳiya for gen. case, *mataḳaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *mataḳ-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *mataḳuka *mataḳāka plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive *mataḳika *mataḳayka plural stem + *-īka
Accusative *mataḳaka
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *mataḳ-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *mataḳuki *mataḳāki plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive *mataḳiki *mataḳayki plural stem + *-īki
Accusative *mataḳaki

Feminine:

Declension of *mataḳ-
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *mataḳum *mataḳāna *mataḳātum
Genitive *mataḳim *mataḳayna *mataḳātim
Accusative *mataḳam
possessive forms
1st person *mataḳī / *mataḳVya — *mataḳVni
2nd person m *mataḳVka *mataḳVkumā / *mataḳVkumay *mataḳVkum(ū)
2nd person f *mataḳVki *mataḳVkin(ā)
3rd person m *mataḳVšu *mataḳVšumā / *mataḳVšumay *mataḳVšum(ū)
3rd person f *mataḳVša *mataḳVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *mataḳuya for nom. case, *mataḳiya for gen. case, *mataḳaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *mataḳ-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *mataḳuka *mataḳāka *mataḳātuka
Genitive *mataḳika *mataḳayka *mataḳātika
Accusative *mataḳaka
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *mataḳ-
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *mataḳuki *mataḳāki *mataḳātuki
Genitive *mataḳiki *mataḳayki *mataḳātiki
Accusative *mataḳaki

Descendants
  • East Semitic:
    • Akkadian: 𒃻𒈬𒌓𒆪𒌑 (mutqûm, “sweet bread”)
      • → Hittite: 𒃻𒆸𒊏𒆯𒆯 (NINDAKUR4.RA KU7-KU7 /⁠mitgaimi-⁠/, “sweet bread”) (if not the other way around[5])
      • → Luwian: 𒈪𒀉𒂵𒄿𒈪 (mi-it-ga-i-mi /⁠mitgaimi-⁠/, “sweet(ened)”)
  • West Semitic:
    • Central Semitic:
    • Ethiopian Semitic:
      • Ge'ez: መተቀ (mätäḳä)

Adjective

*mataḳ-[1]

  1. sweet

Inflection
Declension of *mataḳ-
Case Singular Dual Plural
m f m f m f
Nominative *mataḳum *mataḳatum *mataḳāna *mataḳatāna *mataḳūna *mataḳātum
Genitive *mataḳim *mataḳatim *mataḳayna *mataḳatayna *mataḳīna *mataḳātim
Accusative *mataḳam *mataḳatam

Descendants
  • East Semitic:
  • West Semitic:
    • Central Semitic:
      • Northwest Semitic:
        • Aramaic:
          • Classical Syriac: ܡܬܩ (məṯaq)
        • Canaanite:
        • Ugaritic: 𐎎𐎚𐎖 (mtq /⁠mataqu⁠/)
    • Ethiopian Semitic:
      • Ge'ez: መተቀ (mätäḳä)
    • Modern South Arabian:
      • Soqotri: meṭuq
      • Mehri: maṭaq

References
  1. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 82: “Proto-Semitic *mVtk- ‘sweet’”
  2. Rabin, Chaim (1963) “Hittite Words in Hebrew”, in Orientalia, volume 32, number 2, →DOI, page 130
  3. Huehnergard, John (2019) “Introduction to the Semitic languages and their history”, in John Huehnergard and Na‘ama Pat-El, editor, The Semitic Languages, Second edition, New York: Routledge
  4. van den Hout, Theo, (2020). A History of Hittite Literacy: Writing and Reading in Late Bronze-Age Anatolia (1650–1200 BC), Published online: 18 December 2020, Print publication: 07 January 2021, "Introduction": "...The hero of this book is literacy, writing and reading, in the Hittite kingdom in ancient Anatolia, or modern-day Turkey, from roughly 1650 to 1200 bc, give or take several years or perhaps even a decade or two..."
  5. Rabin, Chaim (1963) “Hittite Words in Hebrew”, in Orientalia, volume 32, number 2, →DOI, page 130
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